Mirror uyo tega? History of girazi. Umo nyika akazogadzira girazi?

Nezvionioni kazhinji kubva girazi rine tichifungisisa unhani. Kushandiswa kwete chete pamusha asiwo kubasa, uye vari chinokosha chezvinonhuwira zviridzwa dzakawanda dzesayenzi, zvakadai materesikopu, maindasitiri midziyo, mavhidhiyo makamera uye lasers. Vanhu vokutanga akaona kuratidzwa kwake mumvura puddles, zvikova, pemvura yorwizi, iyo yakava girazi rokutanga - saka akatanga ravo nhoroondo refu.

Mirror History of Ancient World

The tanga chakagadzirwa magirazi akanga kukwenenzverwa rinoonekera vatema kuputika ibwe - obsidian - iro sevanhu denderedzwa. Vamwe mimwe nezvionioni dzakadaro dzave zvakawanikwa Turkey. zera ravo anonzi 6000 BC.

Umo nyika akazogadzira girazi? The tanga reflectors murume-yakaitwa muchimiro zvidimbu yakabwinyiswa obsidian kwakawanikwa Anatolia - Turkey ano. VaIjipiti vekare kushandiswa pakugadzira yakabwinyiswa nezvionioni mhangura harungashandurwi yakashongedzwa chishongo. Vagari vekare weMesopotamia sezvakaitwa yakabwinyiswa simbi nezvionioni uye tichifungisisa hukawanika yakabwinyiswa ibwe akazviratidza muCentral uye South America kweanenge makore zviuru zviviri BC. e. Mukuita iri kwaita yenguva dzose nyaya nhasi akanga wakapindwa rose yebudiriro.

Girazi tega kupi? Umo nyika? Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pagadzirwe zvesimbi wakakombama regirazi, vakatanga akazviratidza Lebanese Sidhoni muzana remakore rokutanga AD. Wokutanga girazi nezvionioni dzakaitwa muna I AD, vaRoma - kubva Varidza magirazi pamwe mutobvu substrates. Glass reflectors zvakatanga vakasikwa rechitatu remakore AD.

Kugadzirwa regirazi anoridza nzira iri XIV remakore, kwakaita kuti kuwanikwa convex nezvionioni, izvo akawedzera mukurumbira wavo.

Stone Mirror Central America

chishongedzo ichi anoonekwa somumwe anokosha zvinoratidza ari anozivikanwa tsika Central America dzechitendero. Umo nyika akazogadzira girazi? Kwemazana emakore uye nenhamo tsika Central America uye Mesoamerica akava yakananga tsika uye yezvechitendero pamusoro kuratidza hukawanika. Chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana dzidziso, inodzidzwa muna Maya, Aztec uye Tarascan - zvichatoitika kuti nezvionioni vari nezvikumbaridzo kutaura vanamwari uye otherworldly masimba.

It is tsika wekare okutanga dzidziso achiri inokurukura chero pose anotsvedzerera mvura chishandiswa chine simba yokushopera. Nezvionioni, akatanga mumazuva iwayo Mesoamerica, tanga wakaita chete nhindi resimbi esimbi, rave kukwenenzverwa yakakwirira mwero reflectivity. Gare gare, paiva nezvimwe zvinhu, uye yakakura uye zvikuru kunzwisisa zvinhu. Chimwe chezvinhu mukurumbira chaiwo Mesoamerican tsika ivhu - pyrite wezvidimbu nezvionioni vaiva rakafara kushandiswa mune yakakurumbira muguta Teotihuacan.

China: bhuronzi nezvionioni

Girazi tega kupi? Umo nyika? Kuti tipindure mubvunzo uyu zvakajeka zvakaoma. Nhoroondo nezvionioni kufukidza okupedzisira 8000 makore kukura ano, asi chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha vamiririri chishongedzo saka yaizivikanwa nhasi vakanga Chinese reflectors zvendarira, kuwanika iyo nhengo 2900 BC. e.

Umo nyika akazogadzira girazi? In China reflectors zvakagadzirwa esimbi alloys, wemisanganiswa kuti gaba uye mhangura, rinonzi resimbi izvo zvakakwana yakabwinyiswa uye akanga kwazvo tichifungisisa pamusoro endarira yakabwinyiswa. Reflectors zvakagadzirwa alloys simbi kana simbi dzinokosha vaionekwa zvinhu zvinokosha chaizvo kare uye vakanga chete riwanikwe akapfuma zvikuru.

Asi vaIjipita nokukurumidza akabva nendarira nezvimwe - unopenya obsidian, kushandiswa muna 4000 BC. e., yakabwinyiswa selenite, mhangura uye alloys siyana. China akatanga Kugadzirwa nezvionioni, achishandisa nemekiyuri amalgam kunyange 500 AD, asi panguva iyoyo akaramba kuvandudza unyanzvi nhumbi endarira. Vakaramba vari kushandiswa kusvikira XVII-XIX remakore, kana vatsvakurudzi Western vakauya girazi ano kunyika.

Mirror umbozha Venice

Munguva Ages iyoyo, girazi girazi aenda zvachose. Mumazuva iwayo, zvitendero akazivisa kuti dhiyabhorosi anotarira nyika kubva pakatarisana divi kuratidza pamusoro. Varombo Vakadzi vaifanira kushandisa simbi kukwenenzverwa hukawanika kana todzitsiva anokosha nembiya mvura. Glass shure chete XIII remakore girazi. Just ipapo paiva handicraft kugadzira michina mishonga izvi muNetherlands. Zvadaro - muna Flanders uye German rokuNuremberg, apo chirimwa kuti pagadzirwe nezvionioni yakadaro yokutanga yakarongwa 1373.

Girazi tega kupi? Umo nyika? Saka pakarepo uye haana kuudza. Kushandisa iripo Michina tenzi glaziers akadurura inopisa gaba mugirazi kugeza, uye ipapo, kana netini kuchitonhora, vakagovana muruoko yoga zvidimbu. John Peckham, nhengo ari Franciscan kurongeka, chinorondedzerwa muna 1279, izvi nzira, asi izvozvo girazi tega mumwe - nyaya asiri kurangarira. Venetian vanatenzi akazogadzira "unyanzvi pakati sandara girazi" chete mazana matatu gare gare. Vakawana nzira kuisa netini kuti sandara pechiso girazi. Muna 1407 iri Venetians, Danzan Del Gallo hama, akatenga bvumidzwa kubva Flemish vanatenzi, uye Venice vakabata anotambura pagadzirwe wakanaka Venetian nezvionioni nehafu emakore. Mukuwedzera, tenzi nechekare ndakasika chaiwo zvichiratidza musanganiswa umo goridhe uye bhuronzi akawedzerwa. Nokuda kwayo, zvose zvinhu kunooneka mugirazi akatarisa yakanaka kupfuura chokwadi. Mari ine Venetian girazi akabva kuenzaniswa mari hombe warship. Panguva Renaissance muEurope reflectors angorukwa yokunamisa magirazi pamwe gaba nemekiyuri amalgam. Muzana nemitanhatu remakore Venice akava muzinda pagadzirwe nezvionioni dzakadaro. The fekitari kuagadzira pasi zita Saint-Gobain rakaumbwa muna France.

About magirazi uye zvitendwa muRussia

In Russia nezvionioni vaionekwa diabolical kuvamba. Muna 1666, Chechi yeOrthodox vakarambidza kushandiswa avo nevapristi. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, uye pakanga paine mashura pamusoro nezvionioni. Nhasi, vakawanda vavo sokuti pedu musoro uye mano, asi vanhu vakatora ichi zvikuru. Broken girazi, Somuenzaniso, aiva chiratidzo munyama kwemakore manomwe. Ndokusaka wakaputsika kana akaputswa mumwe wokutanga ruregerero zvakaomera sei, uye ipapo aifanira kuviga zvidimbu maererano netsika. Nezvionioni mascots kushandiswa kuratidza rufu. It zvaiwanzoitwa tsika kufukidza zvose tichifungisisa hukawanika kana munhu mumba akanga afa. Zvaidavirwa kuti haangatenderi mweya wemufi vakavharirwa rimwe nezvionioni, dhiabhorosi.

Wekutanga achiratidza mudziyo muGermany

Muguta muNuremberg (Germany) muna 1373 hutsvene fekitari wokutanga yakavhurwa. zvishongedzo izvi zvave achishingaira kushandiswa munyaya zvose zvoupenyu. A girazi mu XVI remakore kuva chikamu risingazivikanwi tiwane tsika uye uroyi.

Ndiani akazogadzira girazi? Country Germany? muna 1835 godu Justo of Liebig, mumwe kemisiti wokuGermany dziridza silvered magirazi reflectors, sezvamakaropafadzwa munhu marata rukoko rakachengetedzwa pamusoro girazi uchishandisa makemikari rutapudzo chesirivha nitrate. kuvamba ichi akabvumira kuti zvigadzirwa izvozvo zvikuru pamwero uye kokutanga munhoroondo vanhuwo zvavo vaigona kutenga girazi. Umo nyika akazogadzira girazi? Wikipedia anoudza chete pamusoro zvenhau. Tinogona chete enzanisa.

Covert chikumbiro

Maviri emakore, dzepanguva ehupfumi kushandisa tsori kubva Spain uye France nokuda yeEncoding uye decoding zvakavanzika kukurukurirana. Ichi chakavanzika Coding maitiro yagadzirwa muzana remakore rechi15, Leonardo da Vinci. Magwaro vave encoded mu "girazi mufananidzo", saka pasina yakadaro pose vasingagoni kuverenga shoko. Nezvionioni ndiwo mumwe chikamu chakakura nokugadzirwa panguva - a periscope. Zvingangoitika inconspicuously mumuchengete riri muvengi kuburikidza kwegadziriro kuwirirana kuratidza izvo anoponesa upenyu munguva yehondo. Ari matatu 'War nezvionioni zvaishandiswa inopofumadza muvengi munguva vachirwa zvikuru kuratidzwa chezuva. Zvakanga zvakaoma chaizvo kutora chinangwa apo maziso vakapofumadzwa pamadonhwe reflectors.

Nezvionioni vakaita rwendo rurefu kuburikidza nyaya. Nhasi hazvibviri kuwana imba pasina ichi nyore chinhu. Ivo refu kubva kuva chikamu hwemazuva tichiita, kazhinji kurerutswa. Tinofanira nguva dzose kuremekedza zvinoumba nhau kukura mugirazi uye kuonga incredible aesthetic kukosha warwo Kufungisisa.