Monetary maitiro nezvinhu zvaro.

To musi, hapana zviri pamutemo nehurumende munyika hahugoni kuvapo pasina mari hurongwa. Monetary maitiro uye ayo okunze ndiwo chairema mari kuparadzirwa munyika mumhuri upfumi, iyo yakaumbwa mumakore mashanu emakore nhoroondo pamwe haizopereri Nokubvumira National hurumende mutemo. Musiyano mukuru pakati dzibvise hurongwa munyika dzakasiyana chinhu zvakasikwa mari.

Panguva ino, mari maitiro ayo zvinhu zviri aumba kubva mhando anoruka, vatakuri izvo esimbi mari hurongwa, kwakavakirwa mari chaiyo (sirivha, nendarama, Platinum mari, etc.) uye gadziriro zvikwereti bepa kweropa (mari zvinoriumba kuribvisa chiratidzo ukoshi ). Uyewo, mhando simbi wegadziriro yose upfumi inowira bimetallism uye monometallism.

Bimetallism inozivikanwa nokushandisa vaviri mari yakaenzana mitemo - sirivha nendarama. Izvi mhando usapinde ezvinhu vakavhura XVI-XVIII emakore, apo pane akasununguka coinage risingagumi nhamba Mari kushandisa mhando mbiri simbi kwakanga. mhando iyi mari hurongwa kwakaita kuti nokufamba ari zvoupfumi ezvinhu pamusika, nekuti kushandiswa simbi mbiri anoita nokufamba ari mutengo nomutemo kuti nhumbi uye mabasa. Saka, kukura capitalism, izvo zvaida hwega mari makopi, zvichitungamirira chete yezwi monometallism. Monometallism inozivikanwa nokushandisa chete chicherwa (sirivha kana goridhe), sezvo vakawanda nerokuti. With kukura ichi mhando usapinde hurongwa goridhe monometallism vakatodzidza nouchapupu kuchinja, rakakamurwa zvendarama mari, Gráfica uye nendarama Exchange mureza. Gold mari mureza rakashandiswa norusununguko munyika, asi rakarambidzwa nokuda kwokunze zvokutengeserana mashoko. Panoperera refu hondo yenyika yokutanga, mwero iri rave akadzima nokuda unopinza simbi dhefisiti nokuda zvechiuto mari. On ayo ne ndarama Gráfica uye goridhe chinjanai mitemo. kwemarudzi aya zvakaburitswa mukutsinhana Banknotes kuti goridhe Gráfica kana masirogani (mari wokumwe mari muripo), izvo zvinogona vaipanana goridhe. Zvisinei, zvinodiwa izvi zvave akadzima pashure yose zvoupfumi, izvo zvakazoita kuti kutanga rimwe bepa-chikwereti hurongwa kurapwa. gadziriro iyi inobva panyaya yaizivikanwa mari munyika. The mari wemuTesitamende Germany inonyatsoratidza nhau kukura mari kutenderera.

International mari maitiro nezvinhu zvaro yakaumbwa muna 1944 pamusangano of Monetary uye Financial Conference yeUnited Nations Organization muUnited States muna Bretton Woods, apo kwakasarudzwa kusuma Inter-hurumende goridhe Exchange mureza. It zvakabvumiranwa ndokuinama vamwe mitemo:

• Gold zvakazivikanwa ndiye chaiyeiye nzira kukarukureta pakati penyika mbiri, achiita kushanda mari munyika, tikashumira sechiero nokukoshesa evanhu upfumi.
• Dollar uye Pound Sterling - pamwe nokushandiswa goridhe munyika emari mari US uye British chikwata wakatangwa.
• Kugadzwa mumusika ukoshi ndarama rakaumbwa pachishandiswa pamutemo kukosha United States.
• National dzeEurope inogona vakasununguka vakatsinhanisa kuti madhora munyika Central Bank, uye ipapo nendarama. Exchange Izvi zvakaita kuti zvinobvira multilateral misha pakati penyika mbiri.

Somugumisiro kwakaderera ari kwokunze nzvimbo US pamusika nokuda Kuparadzwa reserves zvendarama munyika, international mari maitiro uye yenhengo dzayo, iyo yakavakirwa chiero mari, akatambudzika kusauka. Panzvimbo dhora akauya kuchengeterwa mari - reGermany chiratidzo, SDR, ECU uye Japan Yen, uye dhora mutengo yendarama kwave pamutemo akadzima.