Monitoring (zvichiongororwa uye kuita gadziriro) nokuti zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza

Vanhu kwemazana emakore akawanda kurarama Panyika, vagara nehanya nezvinetso yokupona kana kusikwa ezvinhu zvikuru akanakira upenyu. Uye zvakaoma panguva mambakwedza revanhu paiva mibvunzo ruponeso Nyika. Zvinosuruvarisa yakadaro yasvika. Kwakaomarara kuchinja kuitika munyika, kutyisidzira upenyu nyika pachayo, uye, naizvozvo, nokuti vose vageremo, vakava pachena. Uye ngozi yacho chikonzero - munhu pachake. Kana munguva dzekare vanhu kuona hunhu, zvino, Ungangove, kubva kuziva. Zvingaonekwa ano murume pamusoro hunhu yakasiyana hunhu - vari kunze nokungwaririra uye zvinechinangwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma akasika Integrated nyika nezviito. The Environmental ezvinhu kwezvakatipoteredza vanhu vakatanga kuchengeta kuti kumurwira. Kunyange ini remakore BC. e. Guy Pliny mubasa rake "Natural History", akanyora pamusoro zvaanorumbidza zvakasikwa zvakatipoteredza.

Inotungamirwa kwezvakatipoteredza sayenzi

The nzira vachiongorora munhu basa sezvo nzira kudzidza yepanyama chinhu. The akataura kwaibva kwenguva refu zvinokonzerwa uye omumwe yakapoteredza kwezvakatipoteredza zvinhu. Zvishoma nezvishoma uye akaumba mumwe gadziriro maitiro kuongorora zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza mamiriro panyika. The akataura zvabuda vakanga systematized, pova sainzi - ikoroji. Its chikuru basa raiva kudzidza ukama zvipenyu nevamwe vavo aiita kwezvakatipoteredza zvakavapoteredza. Murume akatanga kunzwisisa basa kwezvakatipoteredza muupenyu hwake, ndakatanga kuona uye kudzidza kuchinja kuitika mairi uye, kunyanya, akasimbisa yose kuvhiringidzika biosphere, yakanga zvinokonzerwa warwo mabasa. Paiva kukanganisa kwezvinhu zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza dzoga pasi pose. Ndokusaka inodiwa chiito uye rose hurongwa rakarongwa. The Environmental ezvinhu kwezvakatipoteredza zvichiongororwa akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze panguva mamiriro pamwero. Environmental nyaya akatanga munyaya forum dzakawanda. Sayenzi ikoroji rava nheyo uye hwaro kusunungurwa zvichiitika yose nematambudziko. Shoko rokuti "ikoroji", iro rinoshandurwa kubva muchiGiriki "oikos" zvichireva musha kana pekugara, akashandurwa sezvaari reGermany anodavira Ernst Haeckel kunyange 1866. The zvakawanda akakurukura sayenzi kwezvakatipoteredza, ndipo zvaitika pamberi mabasa zvisina kubudirira nguva dzose.

Nokuti murume ano zvakava pachena kusava pamberi zvakasikwa, uye huru uye anokosha basa rakanga yakajeka hunhu kudzivirirwa.

Kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwave kuenzaniswa mhosva pavanhu. Panyaya iyi pokuikurukura akakodzera pamutemo mitemo uye dzemunharaunda zvinosiyana izvi mujeri hurongwa. Daily basa uye nehanya kwenzanga ose uye munhu wose zvikurukuru, ndiko kuti adzivirire dzinongoitika zvinhu muchimiro zvakasikwa hurongwa zvichiongororwa uye kuzvidzora uye kubuda mariri munhu RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA nyika nezviito. The Environmental ezvinhu kwezvakatipoteredza kuteverwa mumashure mukati nomumwe ehurumende, uye zvinoitwa nemasangano dzakawanda.

zvichiongororwa

The yakapoteredza dzinongoitika kwezvakatipoteredza, zvakatipoteredza pokugara redu uye zviri pasi kuramba kuchinja zvakasikwa uye nenzira uye nokukura. The chairo rawakajaira zvakare haana yunifomu panguva uye nzvimbo. Pane ari atumidzwa nekaupenyu kuramba azvipire kuita nayo kuti kuenzanisa kuverengwa itsva. paavhareji Izvi zvinogona chete kuchinja substantially mukati yakareba penguva. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro dzinongoitika, dzinongoitika kuchinja zvakatipoteredza. A zvakasiyana chaizvo hunhu vane kuchinja nevanhu. Chokukomborerwa avhareji mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza hazvisi nezvimwewo, zviri nokukurumidza uye zvinoshamisa kuchinja. Kunyanya pachena zviri gumi adarika. Zvakava zvakakodzera kudzidza uye vaongorore dzakasiyana mananara kuti zvinoitika somugumisiro anthropogenic aaiitawo. Akasimbisa kwegadziriro vachiongorora kwezvakatipoteredza kana kuisa zviyero kuziva, kuronda Kuchinja hunhu hwavo kuongorora. Huru zvichiongororwa mabasa:

• richiona kwezvakatipoteredza uye zvinopa simba pamusoro payo;
• uchimutarira mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza;
• mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza maonero.

Kune mhando anoverengeka kwezvakatipoteredza zvichiongororwa:

• Best biosphere - kwezvakatipoteredza (kusanganisira geophysical uye zvoutachiona ..);
• achifurira zvinhu (chikamu) kudzidza Zvinosvibisa, uyewo simba ruzha, kupisa, uye remagetsi nemwaranzi;
• Human mhenyu nzvimbo kana ezvinhu (yepanyama kwezvakatipoteredza, zvakatipoteredza, zvipfuwo, madhorobha uye mumaindasitiri);
• rwenyama, spatial;
• pamusoro siyana utachiona siyana.

A mutsauko zvakare kuongororwa iri miganhu hwaro: pose mamiriro dzakapoteredza, yemunyika, "pfungwa", mabviro (panobva kuongorora marudzi ose kuongorora). Munyika yose rine zvichiongororwa pose uye munyika yose yezviito. The Environmental ezvinhu kwezvakatipoteredza kuteverwa mumashure yose nyika. Zviga yose ino kokutanga kuzivikanwa uye akagadzira muna 1971 neInternational Council of Unions Scientific. State of biosphere yave kukwezvwa pfungwa masayendisiti ose dzakabudirira uye zvose zvine vanhu vari munyika. Somugumisiro, muna 1973-1974. sezvo chikamu zvinetso zvemhoteredzo weUnited Nations Environment Programme (UNEP Program) kukura huru urongwa of Global Environment Monitoring System yakapedzwa svikiro (anokosha).