Muchinjikwa kuongorora mudare: pfungwa, mifananidzo, nzira

Tabvunzurudzwa huru Maitiro zvinoreva uchapupu mudare. Kubva ake nyanzvi mufambiro kunobva legality uye kururama kwemashoko sarudzo. Kusiyanisa pakati zvakananga uye muchinjikwa-kuzviongorora. The yokupedzisira zvinowanzodavirwa kushandiswa-Saxon pamutemo hurongwa. The tinogona kushandiswa kwayo mumutemo Russian chinopa wehurumende uye aruramisire zvekufamba, nyaya administrative kutyorwa. Zvisinei, mukuru kukosha ndiwo muchinjikwa kuongorora muna vasaenderera mberi.

Definition of muchinjikwa ongororo

Mumazuva ano mitemo Russian enshrined pfungwa muchinjikwa kuzviongorora. Tsanangudzo yakadaro havapi chiito chepamutemo. Zvisinei, zviri pamutemo mabhuku, akadai Arotsker LE, Grishin, SP, Aleksandrov A. S., yakatsaurirwa kuna zvidzidzo zvake Fani iyi wayo chikumbiro mudzimai zvekufamba.

In kwesainzi pane zvakasiyana tsananguro. Somuenzaniso, vamwe vanyori vanotenda kuti ichi chinhu muchinjikwa kubvunzurudzwa mutoo nako vechikamu vari kubvunza mibvunzo panguva imwe chete kuti mumwe munhu nenguva ezvinhu. Vamwe, vachitevera muenzaniso mitemo Western, pasi muchinjikwa-kuzviongorora kunzwisisa kuti anotevera akarurama uye kuva nokune rumwe rutivi.

Nechinangwa ino vabvuma tsanangudzo Aleksandrova A. S. Grishina SP, maererano iyo muchinjikwa-kuzviongorora ndiyo kuongorora gweta munhu ane uchapupu rinoshandiswa ane nemudzivisi sezvo uchapupu.

Zviratidzo muchinjikwa kuongorora

Kusiyana kutungamirira kuti bvunzurudzo urwu chete pamutemo, regai kushandisa kwerubwinyo rwakagara rwuripo kutongwa kuongorora. Kunoratidza musimboti pokutongwa ano - kuenzana vemapato. Muchiitiko chino, muchinjikwa-kuongorora rinoitwa chete mapato uye dare anobvunza chete kugadzirisa mibvunzo.

mibvunzo yakadaro rine kwokunyengetedza simba yoruvazhe uye vatongi zvichienzaniswa kutungamirira, nokuti mibvunzo inobvunzwa nokune rumwe rutivi.

Cross-zvatichaongorora nguva dzose kuva akarurama, saka zviri yechipiri zvakasikwa. Unobatsira kujekesa chipupuriro, kuwana kusiyana uye utera uye, pakupedzisira, zvakanga ndehwokuti nechokwadi kuti kudanwa kupinda mubvunzo mashoko interviewee.

Of yechipiri musimboti muchinjikwa kubvunzurudza zvinofanira chaizvo nyaya yacho - iri, sezvo mutemo, inobva mukwanisi, kujekesa kana kuramba vakatowana mukufamba zvakananga kuongorora mashoko

mibvunzo yakadaro Kazhinji nezvimwewo, saka gweta zvakafanira mukanyatsochengeta kudzora yose muitiro uye mhinduro yacho vabvunzurudzwe.

mhando

Zviri kukanganisa kutenda kuti muchinjikwa-kuongorora mudare iri chete kushandiswawo zvapupu. Iye anogona pasi chero munhu mibvunzo. Zvinoenderana Code, tinogona musiyano mhando muchinjikwa kubvunzurudza zvichienderana Maitiro nezvechinzvimbo kasingaperi: mukwirirwi kubvunzurudzwa (chinhu 275 Code.) Namashoko (chinhu 277 Code.) Chapupu (chinhu 278 Code.) Expert (Art. 282 Code of Criminal Procedure). Panyaya iyi, kutonga kwacho muchinjikwa kubvunzurudza ichakurukurwa sezvo mhosva akabvunza zvapupu uye kudzivirira nyanzvi. Nokuda kwokudzivirira muchinjikwa kuongorora nedambudziko, zvapupu uye nyanzvi yacho mukutonga.

muchinjikwa-kuongorora zvinangwa

A gweta pachena pamusoro chinangwa achida kubudirira kushandisa nzira iyi. Pakupedzisira Vavariro chero pokubvunzurudzwa ndiko kumisa zvisingashanduki chokwadi. Zvisinei, pamwe muchinjikwa kubvunzurudza, munogona:

• kuwana zvinhu zvakafanira uchapupu;
• kuti dare nechokwadi neuchapupu interviewee;
• kuti dare nechokwadi rakavimbika chapupu, mune mamwe mazwi, kuti "kukanganisa" iye;
• kushandisa uchapupu kutsigira kana kunetesa nzvimbo nevamwe zvapupu.

Kana kuronga kwacho, gweta anoziva kuti hapana anorova pamuchinjikwa kubvunzurudza, zviri nani kusiya izvozvo.

Zvinodiwa kuti akabvunza mibvunzo

Zvakakosha kusimbisa musiyano inokosha iri nzira pamuchinjikwa-kuongorora muna Russian uye-Saxon pamutemo hurongwa. Mune US, zvikuru kushandiswa mibvunzo kutungamirira mune muchinjikwa-kuzviongorora (kana vanogara nekusiyana, hakubvumidzwi). Vanorega gweta kutarisa dare uye vatongi mashoko zvakanaka kuzvidavirira. MuRussia, h. 1 tbsp. 275 Code of Criminal Procedure anoratidza zvakajeka inadmissibility rokupinza mibvunzo pokubvunzurudzwa yomupomerwi. It hazvirambidzwi kubvunza zvapupu zvavo, nyanzvi uye vanobatwa vari uchibvunzwa munzira waakaudzwa ne Art. 278, 278,1 uye 282 pamusoro Code ose Criminal Procedure.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti tsanangudzo mubvunzo kutungamirira mune mitemo Russian uyewo haana chinyatsotsanangurwa. In nezvakatongwa tsika uye kushandiswa kwemabhuku pane zvakasiyana Formulations kuti pfungwa iyi. Analysis matare tsika kunoratidza kuti kuchava pasina mibvunzo, izvo kuona nyanzvi mhedziso kana kudzokorora mhinduro dzemibvunzo kwokutanga. Saka zvinokosha kuti kusiyanisa mibvunzo kutungamirira nokuda kugadzirisa.

On wose, mukuru zvinodiwa kuti idzidziso mibvunzo sezvinotevera:

• Vanofanira kuva pfupi uye yakajeka, asina unoreva zvakawanda;
• Mibvunzo zvinofanira kukumbirwa zvakananga, pane zvisina kunanga;
• vanofanira kufunga uwane mhinduro;
• akasiyana mubvunzo anofanira dzinoenderana ufanane interviewee;
• mhinduro havafaniri inobva zvekungofungira.

General Misimboti gweta bvunzurudzo

akabvunza gweta mibvunzo zvose zvinokosha kushanda pazuva gadziriro kupa zvinodiwa nezvainoita dare.

Mudare, hazvina zvakakodzera kushandisa chaiwo mashoko. Kukokwa zvapupu uye nyanzvi vanofanirawo kudzivisa zvikuru hwokugadzira mashoko kwavari zvairatidza pachena dare uye vatongi.

Mashoko anokosha anofanira kuitwa pakutanga kana pakupera remedial chiito.

Kana ari weboka muchinjikwa-kuongorora kunoitwa gweta paiva aifanira kukumbira chapupu mubvunzo, wakatozviitirwa pamusoro zvakananga kuongororwa, anofanira kutanga kutsvaka mvumo kubva aitungamirira mutongi.

Munguva pokubvunzurudzwa, gweta anogona chete kubvunza mibvunzo asi kwete kuti vataure kana uone mashoko. pfungwa dzavo uye kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kuti mudziviriri anogona kuita mukutaura kwake, maererano ya. 292 Code pakati Criminal Procedure.

The kutevedzana zvidzidzo yakananga kuongorora nezano

Kusiyanisa zviri gweta mufambiro zvakananga uye muchinjikwa-kuzviongorora. Zvakakodzera kuvakwa yakananga kuongororwa, dare vanofanira Kunyatsoona weboka zviitiko.

Panyaya iyi, gweta vanofanira zviparadzanise nyaya kupinda 4 zvikamu. Pakutanga, hapana kuziva kana accreditation ane chapupu kana mazvikokota, kureva, akaisa mashoko ake pachake (nzvimbo dzokugara, nzvimbo basa, nyanzvi zvinodiwa).

Ipapo gweta anobvunza mibvunzo kuona nzvimbo chiito, nguva uye mararamiro zviitiko, Vanopupurei. The mhinduro interviewee inoratidza kuziva kwake uye kugona. Basa gweta - Onai rakavimbika chapupu dare uye vatongi.

Uyezve pane zviratidzo maitikiro. Havasi nguva dzose muna munhevedzano yokuverengwa kwenguva. dzepfungwa kuti makuru midziyo zvinodavirwa vanotsungirira kusvika pakutanga kana magumo yechipupuriro.

Pakupedzisira, kupedza zvakananga kuongororwa mibvunzo mitatu kana mina, nokupfupikisa zvose neuchapupu chapupu kana nyanzvi.

Kudiwa muchinjikwa-kuzviongorora

Panyaya muchinjikwa-kuongorora mudare, gweta pakutanga zvakafanira kufunga kana kunodiwa zvachose.

Kana chapupu nezvipupuriro vaiva hakukoshi uye havana kukuvadza zvinodiwa mukwirirwi kubva pamuchinjikwa-zvatichaongorora kuraswa. Muchiitiko chino, uchapupu itsva vanogona chete achiipa zvinhu.

Cross-Kuongorora vanonzi chete kana chapupu anogona kupa mamwe mashoko anokosha. Kana zvaiita ariko kuti uchapupu kuti zvakanaka kupfuura zvakaipa.

Nzira vawane muchinjikwa-kuongorora zvinangwa

Kuchera kutendeseka roruvanze kuti chapupu kana nyanzvi, gweta anogona kushandisa nzira dzinotevera:

• Inowanikwa uchapupu kupamhidzira kana kusarurama, vachipikisa mamwe uchapupu nyaya;
• kuti dare nechokwadi kuvimbika chapupu, nyanzvi kuva nyanzvi;
• vanoratidza nekusagona kana kushaya pfungwa chokwadi apa yechipupuriro;
• kumanikidza dare kushamisika kana chapupu anokwanisa kupa chinangwa uchapupu pamusoro akakodzera chokwadi;
• kuratidza kuti nyanzvi haana zvakakwana uchapupu uye zvinhu kuti nokuita inofungidzirwa.

Nzira kuitisa muchinjikwa-kuongorora

Kukuru tsika dzokuMadokero afunga vanhu vakawanda nzira muchinjikwa kuzviongorora. Heano mamwe acho:

• Kushora gweta chapupu wacho rinosimbisa kuti interviewee aisagona kunzwa uye kuona chii anonongedza iri uchapupu. Somuenzaniso, akanga kure kunzvimbo zviitiko, kuti chiedza chakanga hadzikwani, munzira pane zvipingamupinyi, uye zvichingodaro. D.
• Imwe nzira - kutaura uchapupu zviduku zvakawanda uye nendangariro kuti aratidze kuti vazhinji mabasa akaita chapupu munguva pfupi nguva nenguva zvinorondedzerwa. Chinangwa Mibvunzo - kuunza dare akapedzisa kuti chapupu kukwanisa kuyeuka pfungwa mashoko kwekanguva. Somuenzaniso, imwe ugororo akuvara ari muchitoro vasina nguva nezvacho chiso kurwiswa wacho, sezvo panguva ino ake anopenya raitungamirirwa panguva zvombo, zvipfeko kana zvinokosha.
• Kana mamiriro ezvinhu akarondedzerwa kare, gweta anogona kubvunza uchapupu, sezvo ndima kwenguva, vanhu kazhinji Handiyeuki chaipo apo vanga, kana uye pamwe naye, kana asingadi chokuita chiitiko chinoshamisa (muchato, okuberekwa).
• Dzimwe nguva gweta unogona kuridza nezvokuti unopupurirwa norusaruro kana kufarira nemigumisiro kwacho.
• Kana ari kutongwa chapupu rinopupurira kuti vakasiyana avo kuti akapa munguva rokutanga kuferefeta, gweta vadane kupinda mubvunzo veracity yavo.

The Bar Council

Classic F. L. Vellman mubhuku rake rinonzi anopa zvinotevera zano kuti magweta kuitisa muchinjikwa-kuongorora:

• tinyatsoongorora kufambira mberi yakananga kuongororwa uye kutsvaka "utera" iri uchapupu munhu uchibvunzwa;
• kumiririra pachako munzvimbo vatongi nguva dzose mubvunzo akakumbirwa kutarisa mamiriro ezvinhu kuburikidza meso avo;
• kubvunza mibvunzo chete chinangwa chaicho, kudzivisa mibvunzo chinhu, nokuti mibvunzo akabvunza awkwardly kupfuura kurasikirwa;
• usambofa pombonyedza mashoko chapupu - nayo akazoita kutendeseka pakati gweta pamberi poruvazhe uye vatongi;
• kwete kufunga zviduku zvinopikisana iri uchapupu chapupu anogona kupupura kuti nokufarisa uchibvunzwa kana ndangariro dzakaipa;
• haana kubvunza mibvunzo inokosha pasina pre-akagadzirira ivhu kuisa pamberi chokwadi pamusoro interviewee vasingagoni kuzviramba;
• bvunza mubvunzo chete ndiye kana gweta pachake vanoziva mhinduro.

Nokudaro, nounyanzvi muchinjikwa kubvunzurudza inogona mutsindo chishandiso gweta mudare zvekufamba.