Murwiyo zvingasanganisira nemwaranzi ... The sezvamunoita uye maitiro radioactive radiations

Nuclear nemwaranzi - kumwe ngozi. Its Marwadzo nezvimwewo kuti munhu. Chii chinorehwa neshoko pfungwa radioactivity? Chii chinorehwa ne "zvikuru" kana "vaduku" radioactivity? Iyo inoramba uri chikamu marudzi akasiyana nemwaranzi yenyukireya?

Chii radioactivity?

The Kuronga mwaranzi zvingasanganisira nezvimedu zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvisinei, zvose mhando nhatu nemwaranzi ndezvaJehovha umwechete - dzinonzi ionizing. Izvi izwi rinorevei? The nemwaranzi simba iri kusimba yakakwirira - zvokuti kana mwaranzi zvasvika imwe atomu, izvozvo anogogodza chimwe Erekitironi kubva muchadenga. Zvadaro atomu, razova vanotapukirwa nemwaranzi iri kuchinjwa kuti Ion ndiro chokwadi mhosva. Ndokusaka mabhomba nemwaranzi inonzi ionizing, chero nhengo ipi mhando. High waivako ionizing nemwaranzi yakasiyana nemamwe marudzi, akadai microwave kana michini.

Sei ionized?

Kuti tinzwisise chii chingava chikamu mwaranzi, zvinokosha kufunga zvakadzama chirongwa ionization. It anobuda sezvinotevera. Maatomu vane kuwedzera nezviso somwana muduku Poppy mbeu (mabhomba neerekitironi) takapoteredzwa kutenderera maerekitironi ayo akafanana goko yacho sefuro. Kana kuora radioactive zvaitika, tsanga anotora kure ichi chiduku rubanzu - Alpha kana Beta inoramba. Kana akabuda mhosva nezvimedu, uye kuchinja nokuchengeta musimboti, uye izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu mutsva kemikari aumbwa.

The nezvimedu anoumba nemwaranzi vazvibate sezvinotevera. Rakapa kubva makirisito zviyo kumhanyira pamwe makuru nokukurumidza mberi. On nzira kwayo anogona kunobondera goko yomumwe atomu, uye chete nekugogodza imwe Erekitironi kubva mairi. Sezvambotaurwa, akadaro atomu zvinozoita mhosva Ion. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, nefuma inoramba yakafanana nhamba protons vari musimboti kumbochinja.

Mamiriro Akaita radioactive kuora kwacho

Zivo azvaiitwa zvinoita rokuongorora papi kwazvo radioactive kuora. ukoshi ichi unotaurwa becquerels. Somuenzaniso, kana mune mumwe wechipiri pane kuora, vanoti: "Basa romunhu isotope - 1 becquerel." Kamwe panzvimbo chikwata ichi uchishandisa chairema akadana Curie. Zvakanga akaenzana mabhiriyoni 37 becquerels. Saka zvinokosha kuti kuenzanisa basa zvakafanana fuma. Basa chaicho chikwata guru pakati isotope inonzi zvariri basa. ukoshi Izvi inversely Proportional kusvika hafu youpenyu imwe isotope.

Characterization pamusoro radioactive radiations. matura avo

Ionizing nemwaranzi yenyukireya anogona kuitika kwete chete pana kuora radioactive. Kuva kwaibva radioactive nemwaranzi yenyukireya anogona: fission maitiro (achienda kuputika kana mukati reactor renyukireya), kubatana kwetunhu dzinonzi chiedza nuclei (anowanikwa pamusoro zuva penyika, imwe nyeredzi, uye mune rehydrogen bhambu), uye siyana PARTICIPLE accelerators. Zvinyorwa zvose izvi nemwaranzi chimwe chinhu chakafanana - simba simba pamwero.

Iyo inoramba uri chikamu mwaranzi mhando Arifa?

Kusiyana matatu mhando ionizing mwaranzi - Arifa, Beta uye wegamma - zviri hunhu hwavo. Kana radiations izvi pazvakawanikwa, hapana kana akaita pfungwa yokuti vanogona kumirira. Saka, vari anongonzi echiGiriki arufabheti.

Sezvo zita vachireva, Alpha-mwaranzi kutanga pazvakawanikwa. Vaiva chikamu mwaranzi kubva kuora inorema isotopes zvakadai uranium exchange kana thorium. hunhu hwavo akafunga pamusoro nguva. Masayendisiti akawana kuti Alpha nemwaranzi iri nani rinorema. Mudenga, hazvigoni kukurira masendimita kunyange zvishoma. It Vakawana kuti chikamu mwaranzi kupinda musimboti nehelium maatomu. Zviri akarondedzera Alpha nemwaranzi.

Chinenge chikuru radioactive isotopes. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiko chokwadi mhosva "aizoisa" pamusoro protons maviri chete uwandu neutrons. Muchiitiko ichi tichiti murwiyo rinosanganisira nemwaranzi-inoramba kana Alpha inoramba. Two protons maviri neutrons dzinoumba nehelium neerekitironi, Alpha-nemwaranzi noruzhinji. Nokuti nguva yokutanga vanhu vakadaro maitiro aigona kugamuchira Rutherford, vaiita unoponesa senitrogen okisijeni nuclei ari tsanga.

Beta nemwaranzi, yakawanikwa kwapera asi hapana zvishoma ngozi

Ipapo akatendeuka akabuda kuti Kuronga mwaranzi zvingasanganisira kwete chete musimboti nehelium, asi chete munhuwo maerekitironi. Izvi ichokwadi kuti Beta nemwaranzi - inoitwa maerekitironi. Asi dzichimhanya chikuru zvikuru kupfuura mwero Arifa mwaranzi. Izvi mhando nemwaranzi uye ane hwakaderera mutariri pane Alpha nemwaranzi. Kubva mubereki atomu Beta nezvimedu "nhaka" yakasiyana mutariri uye zvakasiyana nokukurumidza.

Zvingaita kusvika 100 zviuru. Km / chik kusvikira kumhanya chiedza. Asi panze Beta nemwaranzi aigona kupararira mamita anoverengeka. Rakapinza kwairo iduku kwazvo. Beta-mwaranzi havagoni kukurira bepa, jira, nhete Pepa zvesimbi. Ivo chete kwazviri kupinda nyaya iyi. Zvisinei, usina kuzvidzivirira kunogona kutungamirira ganda kana ziso kutsva, sezvinowanzoita pamwe ultraviolet mwaranzi.

Isakarurama mhosva Beta nezvimedu dzinonzi maerekitironi uye chokwadi mhosva vanonzi positrons. A dzakawanda Beta mwaranzi ndiyo ngozi chaizvo nevanhu uye kunogona kukonzera kupisa kurwara. Zvikuru ngozi anogona ingestion pamusoro radionuclides.

Wegamma mwaranzi: sezvamunoita uye zvivako

Zvinotevera yakawanikwa wegamma nemwaranzi. Muchiitiko chino, zvikazooneka kuti chikamu mwaranzi kungasanganisira photons imwe wavelength. Wegamma nemwaranzi kufanana ultraviolet, michini redhiyo mafungu. Mune mamwe manzwi, zvinomirira remagetsi nemwaranzi, asi nesimba kuuya photons mairi chaizvo.

Izvi mhando nemwaranzi zvikuru yakakwirira kukwanisa kupinda kuburikidza chero zvakavhara. The denser anomira munzira ionizing mwaranzi zvinhu, zviri nani inogona kuchengeta nengozi wegamma mwaranzi. Nokuti basa iri, kazhinji kusarudzwa mutobvu kana kongiri. Ari panze wegamma nemwaranzi yenyukireya anogona nyore kupfuura mazana ezviuru makiromita. Kana kunokanganisa munhu, icho chinoita kuvadza ganda uye nhengo dzomukati. On the ehupfumi kuti wegamma nemwaranzi yenyukireya anogona kuenzaniswa X-ray. Asi ivo zvisingapindirani dzakavapo. Pashure maekisirei vari chete chakagadzirwa ezvinhu.

Chii nemwaranzi kupfuura ngozi?

Vakawanda avo kutogona zvimwe mwaranzi Chikamu mwaranzi, tine chokwadi pamusoro pengozi wegamma mwaranzi. Pashure pezvose, vanogona kukurira nyore makiromita akawanda, achiparadza upenyu uye kukonzera rinotyisa nemwaranzi kurwara. Zviri kuitira kudzivirira pamusoro wegamma mwaranzi, zvenyukireya reactors wakakomberedzwa huru kongiri masvingo. Small zvipenga isotopes munogara akaiswa mumidziyo akaita mutobvu. Zvisinei, chikuru ngozi vanhu ndiko dose.

Dose - ndiro mari Kazhinji inofungidzirwa kufungisisa kurema dzemuviri. Somuenzaniso, imwe chete murwere dose kurapwa tichaswedera 2 MG. Nokuti mumwe, zvakafanana dose anogona kuva rwakashata kushanda. Just anofungidzira uye dose nemwaranzi. ngozi Its Akatsunga woga dose. Kuti vanokurondedzera, kuvayerera uwandu nemwaranzi yave woga pachitunha. Zvino nhamba iyi zvichienzaniswa muviri uremu.

dose nemwaranzi - chokuratidza ngozi ayo

Mhando dzakasiyana nemwaranzi yenyukireya anogona kuva akasiyana anokuvadza zvipenyu. Saka hazvibviri kuvhiringidza rakapinza mano mhando dzakasiyana nemwaranzi dzavo kukuvadza. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu asina nzira kudzivirira nemwaranzi, Alpha nemwaranzi ndiyo ngozi zvikuru wegamma mwaranzi. Nokuti ine rinorema rehydrogen nuclei. A mhando dzakadai Arifa nemwaranzi uye kuratidza ngozi chete kana akaisa mukati mumuviri. Zvadaro pane zvemukati chokupfeka.

Saka, chimwe chikamu mwaranzi kungasanganisira nezvemarudzi matatu nezvimedu: ari nehelium neerekitironi, kwakajairika maerekitironi uye photons imwe wavelength. Zvakaipira imwe nemwaranzi mhando vagara vandifungira kwayo dose. Mabviro nemwaranzi izvi hazvina basa. Mupenyu muviri iri zvachose hapana musiyano apo vatanha nemwaranzi Ngazvive X-ray muchina, zuva, renyukireya simba chirimwa, radioactive Spa kana kuputika. Chinonyanya kukosha - sei zvinhu zvizhinji ngozi vakanga takabatikana.

Apo nemwaranzi yenyukireya here?

Pamwe zvepanyama kumashure nemwaranzi, budiriro munhu anomanikidzwa kuvapo pakati artificially akaita zvinyorwa zvakawanda ngozi kuti ionizing mwaranzi. Kakawanda ndiwo mugumisiro tsaona yakaipisisa. Somuenzaniso, njodzi iri renyukireya simba chirimwa "Fukushima-1" muna September 2013 kwakaita kuti buri pamusoro radioactive mvura. Somugumisiro, zviri strontium uye necesium isotopes mu zvakatipoteredza rakura yekudyidzana.