Empiricism - chiri nzira kudzidza?

Empiricism - pakutevedzera kwouzivi izvo anoona munhu manzwiro uye yakananga ruzivo sezvo chikuru rine ruzivo. Empiricists regai kuramba zvachose yokungotaura kana pfungwa ruzivo, asi kuvakwa inferences akaita kungobva kwemigumisiro pakutsvakurudza kana akanyorwa zvinoonekwa.

nzira

Izvi kunobva pakuti hwava sayenzi XVI-XVIII emakore (uye panguva ino akaumba inokosha Dzidziso pamusoro epistemological tsika) vaifanira kushora kwavo kusvika, kusiyana refu-isingachinji tsika wezvakaonekwa kwenyika zvechitendero. Sezvingatarisirwa, imwe nzira kupfuura kupikiswa ane priori ruzivo usingaonekwi, hazvina.

Uyezve, akanga akawanikwa kuti empiricism - uyu mukana nzira rokuchera chikuru data, zvidzidzo munda uye kuunganidza mashoko diverge kubva kududzirwa ruzivo kwenyika zvechitendero. Empiricism iyi yakaratidza kuva yakakodzera mashandiro, achibvumira akasiyana-siyana sayenzi, tanga kududzira autocephaly yayo pazvinhu zvitendwa, uye ipapo uye kuzvionera kana tichienzanisa nzwisisika zivo dzinofungidzira yapera Middle Ages.

vamiririri

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti empiricism zvoruzivo wakasika idzva mamiriro ungwaru kuti kubvumira sainzi kuwana mukana wakanaka akazvimirira kukura. Zvisinei, mumwe anogona kuzviramba zvimwe zvakasiyana pakati empiricists kuti kuwana Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri payakavakirwa kutsanangura kutsinga dzinouya maonero enyika.

Somuenzaniso, Frensis Bekon, iyo zvakarurama vaiona muvambi kutsinga dzinouya maonero, pfungwa, kuti empiricism - haisi nzira nezivo itsva uye kuwana ruzivo, asi mukanawo kuronga ruzivo rwesayenzi. Tichibatsirwa iri nzira induction , akaita kuedza kutanga patsanura zvose anozivikanwa sayenzi muenzaniso kare, nhetembo (Philology) uye, chokwadi, uzivi.

Thomas Hobbes, akavapindurawo, apo kuramba mukati epistemological paradigm Bacon akaedza kupa kuda kwouzivi dzinobatsira kukosha. Zvisinei, ake vachiedza chaizvoizvo kwakatungamirira nokuumba political matsva (pfungwa evanhu chibvumirano) uye sayenzi zvino enyika ayo ano chimiro.

For George Berkeley kuti nyaya, kureva, kupoteredza pasi pose, kwete tisingazvinyeperi dziripo. Knowledge hwenyika zvinogoneka chete kuburikidza kududzirwa kutsinga dzinouya ruzivo rwaMwari. Saka, empiricism - zviri zvakare rinokosha mhando usingaonekwi ruzivo, izvo zvaipesana inokosha methodological zvinotaurwa vakaisa pasi zvimwe Francis Bacon. Asi, tiri kutaura pamusoro nokumutswa ari Platonic tsika: nyika izere pfungwa uye mweya, izvo kunonzwisiswa, asi kwete kuziva. Saka, mirayiro yemasikirwe - chete "boka" pfungwa uye mweya, kwete zvimwe.

rationalism

Kusiyana empiricism, rationalism vakaziva yokungotaura ruzivo chepuraimari pachinhu hunobatsira ruzivo. Knowledge zvinogoneka chete pachishandiswa chikonzero uye empiricism - chiri cheki ine Rationalist zvakagadzirwa, yakavakwa chikonzero chedu. Izvi hazvishamisi, kukurukura "kwemasvomhu", kwakabva Cartesian nzira. Masvomhu akanyanyisa abstrakti, uye nokudaro - munhu wechisikigo paanopfuura ndaisagona ruzivo.

Chii kubatana maonero?

Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti empiricism uye rationalism dzazvino vakazvigadzirira zvinangwa: kusunungurwa kubva Catholic, uye zvechokwadi chitendero dzidziso. Saka, chinangwa rakabatanidzwa - nokuumba zvainoziva nechokwadi nesayenzi. empiricists chete vakasarudza nzira kuvakwa dzavanhu tsika, iyo ndokubereka hwaro nevanhu. Nepo pfungwa vakaenda mumakwara rwokuzvarwa-sayenzi ruzivo. Nemamwe mashoko, vanonzi "chaiwo" sayenzi - inogadzirwa Cartesian mafungiro.