Mvura iri pasi pemvura yeRussia: nhoroondo

Zvisikwa zvomudziyo wekutanga pasi pemvura muMambo weRussia zvinogona kuonekwa kare kare muna 1921. Zvadaro, pasi pemurairo waPeter I, muvezi wekuRussia Yefim Nikonov akavaka igwa rengarava yekutanga, iyo yakaitika kare yeRussia. Pasi pemakungwa eRussia, zvisikwa zvaive zvakarongerwa kwemazana emakore anotevera, zvakasikwa kunyanya pamapepa, kunyange zvazvo paiva nezvimwe. Saka kubva muna 1879 kusvika muna 1881 muRussia makumi mashanu engarava yakagadzirirwa nemuInjiniya wechiRussia -Russia SK Dzhevetsky akabudiswa, izvo zvakadaro, izvo zvakadaro, zvakashanda chete mukudzvinyirira simba remaviri. Nhoroondo yemabhiza eRussia pasi pegungwa sechikamu chinokosha chemauto enyika ino anotanga muna 1906. Iko panguva iyo apo Mambo Nicholas II akasaina chirevo pamusoro pezvisikwa zvaro. Panguva iyoyo, paiva nemakungwa gumi gumi muRussia Empire.

Kusika kwemakungwa emvura pasi pemvura

Pakutanga kwezana re XIX-XX. Muhutungamiri hweHurumende yeRussia yakatanga kunzwisisa zvakajeka kukosha kwekugadzira mauto avo emauto engarava. Ichi chinodiwa nekuda kwekubudirira kubudirira kwekambani yekuvakisa ngarava muEurope neUnited States. Chikamu chevatungamiri vekuvaka zvikepe vaidavira kuti zvikepe zveRussia zvombo zvegungwa zvinofanira kuumbwa zvichitsvaga kutengeswa kwenyika. Vamwe vavo vaidavira kuti Umambo hweRussia hunofanira kuva nehutano hwavo uye mabhizimisi ekugadzirwa kwemakungwa engoro.

Izvo zvakakosha izvo zvakakonzera kutungamira kwekuvaka zvikepe kwaiva kukanganisa kwechibvumirano chekuendeswa kwezvikepe zveAmerica kurwisana kuRussia. Mushure meizvozvo, chisarudzo chakatorwa pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwemakungwa emakungwa eRussia.

Hondo yekutanga yendege yemvura, yakakonzerwa nejini injini, yakatangwa muna 1904. Ichi chikepe chaiva muparadzi "Dolphin", iyo inonziwo torpedo chikepe Nhamba 133. "Dolphin" yakanga ine zvigaro pamusoro pevamwe vanobva kune dzimwe nyika. Akange ane tonnage ye tani 113/135, yakakurumidza kusvika kusvika 9 majeti pamusoro pemvura uye kusvika kusvika ma4 majeti pasi pemvura. Pasi pemvura, ngarava inofambiswa nemotokari yemagetsi uye inogona kuparadza kusvika makiromita makumi mana.

Zvisinei, zvaive chaizvoizvo kubva muna 1906, apo mambo akasaina chirevo chairo pakusikwa kwekirasi yakakosha yezvikepe - zvombo zvemvura, uye yaiva tsika yekuverenga nhoroondo yavo. Shanduro yekuvakisa ngarava yenyika mumakore akatevera yakakurumidza zvikuru. Kare muna 1917, muRussia Navy, ngarava dzegungwa dzaiva nemakungwa engasvika 73.

Kufambiswa kwemakungwa engarava muU.SR

Makore ekurwisana uye hondo yevagari vehurumende yakamanikidzira iyo yose yekuvaka ngarava yemabhizimisi enyika kuti zvigadzirire kugara mukurudziro kwemakore akawanda ari kuuya. Muna 1926 chete chirongwa chacho chakagamuchirwa, chinangwa chekusimudzirazve kambani dzine simba dzemakungwa engarava yeRussia. Iko kubva panguva ino inotanga kudzorerwa kwemazana ekare, pamwe nekusika kwezvitsva. Saka, munzvimbo yekutanga yaive yakarongedzwa kugadzira zvombo zvemasimusi zve "Decembrist". Zvikepe zvitanhatu zvakadai zvakabudiswa mumakore anotevera. Vakasvika kuzotora nzvimbo yekare ye "mabhairi" uye vane nguva panguva iyo zvisizvo zvisingasviki pakuita kwevatorwa vedzimwe nyika. Saka, the Soviet submarines inogona kusvika nekukwira kusvika pamasita gumi nemana uye ine mararamiro akawanda kuenda kumaira matatu nehafu. Mukuwedzera, vakange vane matatya matanhatu uye vakagara kusvika kuvanhu 53. Haisi yekupedzisira pakubudirira kubudirira kwekuvaka zvikepe munyika yacho kwaive kusarudzwa kweine nyanzvi yezvikwereti BM Malinin kusvika panzvimbo yemusoro wezvigadzirwa zvekugadzira.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti Soviet Union yakabatana nekushingaira mubasa rekuvaka zvikepe neGermany. Saka, kugadzirira zvombo zvemarinari se "Decembrist" kubva kuGermany, injini dzezaini dzakaiswa. Mukuwedzera, nyanzvi dzeGermany dzakashandura rubatsiro mune zvekugadzirwa kwekugadzira zvombo zvemakungwa zvechimiro C. Vaiva nemafungiro akakwirira ekurwa uye vainyatsopindira muSoviet Navy. Mukuwedzera kune imwe nzvimbo yakakura-kusvika kune 1073 tani - marwende emadzimai ekirasi C anogona kusvika nekukwira kusvika 19.5 majeti uye achienda kumafunguro kusvika mazana 8 200. Vaivawo nematanho matanhatu emitambo.

Kubudirira kunokosha kwekuvaka zvikepe mumisha panguva ino kwaive kugadzirwa nekugadzirwa kwemafambisi egungwa K. Aive ane arsenal inofadza inosanganisira gumi torpedo tubes uye chiteshi cheredhiyo chine simba. Mukuwedzera, ingarava yerudzi rweK yakange ichinyatsogadzirisa kudzivirira kwehutano hwekudzidzira nekukwira. Inogona kusvika kumhanya kusvika kusvika kumasita makumi maviri, uye rutivi rwekushambira rwakarova kunyange vanoziva zvombo zvekufamba-siyana-kusvika mairi 14 040 makiromita.

Nguva yepashure

Kubudirira kwekugadzira ngarava mushure mekurwa kwemazuva kunoratidzika nekukwirira kwakakura mune zvombo zvekugadzira zvemasitadhimine, kuve nekuvandudza kwakanyanya mumamiriro avo. Ngarava dzemashure ekugadzirwa kwemashure kwaive nekukurumidza kukuru, kukura kwakanyanya kwekunyudzwa, nhamba huru ye torpedo tubes. Mukuwedzera, tonnage yemidziyo yepasi pemvura uye nguva yekufamba kwemhuka yakazvimirira yakawedzera.

Zvisinei, dambudziko rakakomba rakaramba richiita dieleri-magetsi yezvikepe. Mune mamwe mazwi, vavaki vaifanira kuvaka injini imwe chete pamvura uye pasi pemvura.

Kunyange zvakadaro, panguva iyi, marineji eavy oceanic akatanga kukura zvakanyanya. Pamwe pamwe negungwa, vakave nemhando mbiri dzezvikepe zvegungwa zvemaoko. Soviet submarines yakakwanisa kuendeswa kune imwe nzvimbo mumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye kuita mabasa ekuremekedza ikoko.

Zvisinei, dambudziko rine simba rekufambisa chikepe pakureba kwakanyanya, uyewo kudiwa kwekugara uchiuya kuzotengesa bhateri uye kutonga nzvimbo dzekuchengetedzwa kwemhepo, hazvina kugadziriswa. Pasinei neizvi, mushure mehondo hondo yeSoviet Union yakanakidzwa zvikuru kupfuura mamwe masimba, kusanganisira United States, mune huwandu uye huwandu hwezvikepe zvegungwa zvisikwa zvakasikwa. Saka, ukuru hwakakwanisa kubudirira muzvinhu zvakadaro zvakakosha sekufambisa, kudzika kwekumanikidza, unyanzvi uye kugadzika kwevashandi.

Kubva hafu yepiri yemakumi mashanu. Munyika mutsva wekuvandudza kwekuvakisa kwemvura pasi pemvura unotanga. Iye zvino chinangwa chikuru chekugadzira ngarava ndiyo yakasikwa uye kukura kwegungwa nuclear nuclear missile submarines. Mabhazi akadaro aifungidzirwa, chero chero nguva muWorld Ocean, kuti atange kupesana kwezvombo zvenyukireya-missile pamusoro penzvimbo dzakakosha nzvimbo dzomuvengi. Vaivawo vakagadzirwa nekutendera torpedo.

Imwe yerudzi rwemakungwa engarava yaiva yemhando yakawanda inogadzirwa, yakasikwa kuitira kuti iite basa rekugamuchira uye kutumira mabasa, pamwe nekurwisana nuclear nyuzi dzemvura missile, kuparadza zvikepe zvevatenzi uye kutakura ngarava.

Kusika kwezvombo zvenyukireya

Zvisikwa zvombo zvenyukireya muna 1958 zvakazarura chiitiko chitsva mukugadzirwa kwemadziro emvura pasi pemvura. Vongai kukuvakisa kwemakungwa enyukireya, dambudziko pamusoro pokushaikwa kwegungwa remvura kunogara pasi pemvura kwenguva yakawanda yakagadziriswa. Mukuwedzera, injiniyumu yekugadzirwa kwemhepo yakabvumira marwende emvura kuti awedzere kukurumidza kukurumidza kwekufamba kwavo ose pamusoro pemvura uye pasi pemvura.

Kudzorerwa kwemhepo motokari yechikepe kwaiva kunwa kwenguva yakareba. Ngarava dzomumusha dzisina kuwana mukana wekutora scuba diving refu nekuda kwesimba risina simba remagetsi emagetsi, pasinei nokuti ivo vave vachivandudzwa nguva dzose. Gasoline injini yakanga iri kure neyo inonyanya kushanda mukushanda. Mukuwedzera, kudikanwa kwekugara kwenguva yakawanda kwakakonzerwawo nezvinodiwa nguva dzose yekuzadzisa nzvimbo dzekuchengetedzwa kwemhepo.

Nhamba yenyukireya yekutanga yenyukireya, yakasikwa neSoviet Union muna 1958, yaiva K3 "Lenin Komsomol". Chikepe chakaiswa muna 1955. Yaiva nenhamba huru yezviremera. Zvakawanda zvikamu zvekuvakwa kwayo zvakaitwa zvakananga. Saka, harina kushandisa muviri wakaenzana wefambasi yemvura, asi yakagadzirirwa chaizvo iyo inogona kuwedzera maitiro ayo ekufamba. Nezvo izvi mupfungwa, uyewo, zvechokwadi, nyukireya inoshandiswa, chikepe chekuedza chakasvika nekukurumidza kwemashoko makumi maviri. Uye ichi chigumisiro chakanga chisingakwaniki, sezvo zvigaro zvechikepe zvaisati zvashandiswa pakuzara. Zvaive zvakakwana kwaari, sezvazvatove zvataurwa, nekukanganisa, uye zvisingafungidziri zvikamu. Saka, gungwa remvura rakanga risina zvikwata, rega shandisi ye genereri uye kukwanisa kuzvidzivirira. Uyezve, akanga ane zvishoma pakugadzirisa.

Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa, zvisinei, izvo zvakagadzirirwa zvirongwa zvakabvumirwa kudzidzisa nhengo dzevashandi vezveramangwana tisati dzabudiswa uye dzichivaita unyanzvi, kuitira kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvigone kukurumidza kuita mabasa ayo akapiwa. Nyukliya yemakungwa engarava yeRussia yakabvumira kuti ichengetedze nzvimbo dzinotungamirira munyika muU.SR uye kudzivirira hurumende yayo muma1991.

Kubudirira kwebhizimusi mune makumi manomwe-90.

Mukupera kwema60 - kutanga kwema70. Ngarava dzechizvarwa chechipiri dzakatanga kukura. Vakanga vakakurumbira nepamhanho yakakwirira, yakagadziridzwa kurwisana. Ngarava dzomumasimine yechizvarwa chechipiri dzaive dzakagadzirwa ne electrochemical air ventilation system panzvimbo yekemikari inokuvadza yakaipisisa. Vakanga vadzidzawo zvombo zvemagetsi.

Pakazosvika 1967 na1992, 48 magetsi emagetsi enyu akavakwa pamiti mitatu munyika. Kubvira muna 1973 kusvikira muna 1982, USSR yakabudisa 18 dieleri-magetsi emagetsi emvura ine rubber inonzwika-kupfeka kuputika kweiyo. Izvi zvitsva zvakanyanya kuwedzera pakavanzika. Mukuwedzera, nokuda kwekubudirira kukuru, injini dzemazuva ano dzemajeri dzenguva dzakaiswa pazviri.

Kubvira pakutanga kwema1980, zvikepe zvepasi pegungwa zvechizvarwa chechitatu zvakagadzirwa uye zvakagadzirwa. Kusiyana uye zvikamu zvavo zvikuru zvakasimudzirwa zvombo uye zvakanyanya kuwedzera tonnage yemudziyo. Mukuwedzera, basa rakaitwa kuti rivandudze kushandiswa kwemakungwa echikepe, nekuvandudza nzira dzavo dzekuona muvengi. Nhanho dzezvikepe zvakadaro dzaigona kunge dzakasvika 35 mazamu. Kuvandudzwa uye mamiriro evanhu. Uyewo, mafambasi egungwa aiva nemakamuri ekudzikinura, izvo zvakabvumira muitiko wekukurumidza kupedzisa kubviswa kwevashandi kubva muchikepe chengarava.

Icho chinonyanya kukosha iyo gungwa remaitiro 941 "Shark", iyo ndiyo yaiva midziyo huru pasi pemvura munyika. Iyo yakagadzirwa yakatanga muna 1981, uye nekutanga kwema 90 iyo nhamba yaiva nhindi 6. Nheyo yezvombo zvavo yaiva yepamusoro-soro yerudzi rwayo rwakasimba. Mukuwedzera, idzi zvombo zvemakungwa zvakagadzirirwa nehutano hwakasimba huzhinji.

Ngarava dzechizvarwa chechina chizvarwa, yakatanga kubva kuma1970., Mumakore ekuma90. Hauna kugamuchira kukura kwakakodzera nekuda kwekuwa kweUSSR uye dambudziko rezvemari muna 1998. Kunyange zvakadaro, maitiro avo aiva nehukuru hunobatsira hwakaratidzwa muhupamhi hwemahara (kusvika mamita 400) uye muhutano hwepamusoro hwekushanda.

Mafambisi emazuva ano echikepe cheRussian Federation

Ngarava dzemakungwa eRussia panharaunda iripo ino ine 76 marwende emhando dzakasiyana siyana uye zvinangwa. Munharaunda yekushanda kwavo kunosanganisira kuparadzwa kwezvinhu zviviri zviri pasi pemvura uye ngarava, uyewo kukundwa kwemazano emamiriro ezvinhu epasi. Izvi zvinosanganisira diesel submarines, zvombo zvenyukireya zvinokonzerwa nemichina yakawanda, magadzirirwo emasipolisi emasimine nemashamba echinangwa chinokosha.

Nheyo dzemakungwa engarava eRussia ane zvikepe zvakavakwa munguva dzeSoviet Union. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti mushure memamiriro ezvinhu akaoma munyika kusvikira pakutanga kwema2000, zvombo zvenyukireya zvombo zvemakungwa zveRussia zvinotanga kudzokazve.

Missile cruisers yechinangwa chinangwa

Chikamu chinokosha chesimba rehondo, iyo inomiririrwa neRussian submarine ngarava, ndiyo nyanzvi dzomugungwa yeProjekti 667BDRM "Dolphin". Parizvino, pane mitanhatu yakadaro yakashanda nenyika. Vose zvavo ndeveNorthern Fleet. Uyezve, chinhu chinotyisa kune muvengi ndicho chikepe Project 667BDR "Kalmar". Zvinosuruvarisa, iye zvino pane zvitatu zvakadai zvemasimarine mumasangano eRussian Federation, iyo itsva pane iyo yakatangwa muna 1982. Aya marwende anoshumira munzvimbo dzePacific.

Ngarava dzemakungwa dzeRussia muna 2014 dzinogona kuzvirumbidza nekuvapo kwe 941 uye 941UM "Akula" mapurojekiti mumagariro ayo, kunyangwe muchidimbu, nuclear nuclear submarines. Saka, muNorthern Fleet kune motokari TK-208 "Dmitry Donskoy".

Multipurpose nuclear nuclear submarines

Ngarava dzomugungwa dzeRussia dzinosanganisira yakasimba-kupikisana kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinokambaira zvombo zvenyukireya. Vamiririri avo vanojeka ndivo mahombekombe ehurongwa 971 "Pike-B". Basa ravo nderokuparadza zvombo zvegungwa, nzvimbo uye pasi. Simba ravo rinosanganisira torpedoes uye ngarava. Aya mabwendefa ndiwo chikamu cheNorthern Fleet (mauniti 6) uye Pacific (zvidimbu 5).

Idzifambamende yepurojekiti 949F "Antey" inoumba simba guru rezvinyorwa zvinokambaira zvombo zvenyukireya zveRussian Federation. Panguva iyo iyo inoparadzirwa pakati pemakwikwi eNyakadzi nePacific. Nhamba yavo inosvika 8 zvidimbu.

Mhando yezvikepe zvakadaro inosanganisira marwendeji K-141 "Kursk" yakanyura muna 2000, zvinosuruvarisa. Iri ndiro dambudziko guru pane zvombo zvegungwa, iro rinozivikanwa kune nhoroondo itsva yeRussia. Iyo ngarava yemakungwa yeRussia, nerufaro, panguva ino yemazuva ano iri mune hutano hwakatendeka kudarika pakutanga kwema2000. Izvi zvinokubvumira kuti uve nechokwadi chokuti kukanganisa nematambudziko ekare hazvingadzokororwa.

Iyo Northern Fleet, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, ine minda yemapurogiramu 945 Barracuda na 945F Condor, vachizadzisa simba rehondo iro russia yeRussia inogadzira. 2014 yakaratidzwa nekutanga kwemazuva ano K-560 Severodvinsk. Ichi chirongwa 885 Yasen chikepe chave chichibudirira chazvino chekuRussia kuvaka. Maererano nezvirongwa zveutungamiri venyika, ne2020 mabhazi aya anoronga kubudisa zvikamu 8.

Kwete-zvombo zvenyukireya

Iyo yakakura zvikuru maererano nenhamba yedieleri-magetsi emagetsi emvura ndiyo inyanzvi yeParamende 877 "Paltus". Ivo vari muchikwata cheNorth, Pacific uye Black Sea zvikepe. Kune marudzi akasiyana-siyana ejekiti iyi. Inorongwa zvakare kuzadza Black Sea Fleet nemakungwa engoro eProject 636.3 - B-261 Novorossiysk, ine zvikamu zvishanu.

Pakavepo, pakanga pane zvirongwa zvakakosha zvekuiswa kwehondo yezvirongwa zvezvikepe 677 Lada. Zvisinei, miedzo yakaratidza kukanganisa kukuru mukugadzirwa kwefambasi yemvura, kuitira kuti nyanzvi dzinofanira kuchinja zvikuru.

Mamwe marudzi emagetsi emakungwa

Ngarava dzemakungwa eUnited States neRussia, sezvinozivikanwa, inosanganiswa yezvikepe zvine simba zvikuru pasi pegungwa pasi rose. Zvisinei, munyika mbiri idzi kunyatsoteerera kwakabhadharwa kugadzirwa nekuvakwa kwemichina yakadzika pasi pemvura. Saka, zvombo zvitsva zvemakungwa zveRussia zvine dzimba dzemvura yakadzika yeMradi 1855 Mubayiro. Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti chete Northern Northern Fleet inosanganisira kusvika kune gumi mauto emakondani akasiyana-siyana, ayo anosanganisira zvose zvidzidzo zvekuponesa nekutsvakurudza.

Pakati pemotokari dzakakurumbira kudaro, tinogona kuona chikepe AS-12 "Losharik", inogona kunyura kusvika pakadzika kusvika pamakiromita akawanda. Saka, chigadzirwa ichi muna 2012 chakaita basa rekutsvakurudza muArctic pakadzika makiromita maviri.

Matarisiro ekufambiswa kwebhizimusi

Pasinei nekuderera kwenyika mumakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu, iyo yakakanganisa kuvaka kwemvura pasi pemvura nenzira yakasimba, tinogona kutaura kuti kutanga kwema2000, Mamiriro acho ezvinhu akatanga kuchinja. Mukuwedzera, pane kuwanda kwemafambisi ezvombo zvegungwa, kupemberera mazuva asingakanganwiki. Saka, muna 2006, ngarava dzemakungwa dzeRussia dzakapemberera makore zana, uye mukuremekedza kuti zviitiko zvekupembera zviitiko zvakadini zvakaitwa mumaguta akawanda, uye chivako chevatasvi vemabhiza chakasvinudzwa muUfa. Mukuwedzera, nyika gore negore inoratidza musi wezvikepe zveRussia pasi pegungwa musi wa19 March. Nhoroondo yezvikepe zveRussia yakawanda uye inowanikwa pachena. Iko basa refambisi yemagetsi rinonyengetedza vana vechikoro vakawanda.

Kunyange zvakadaro, kusimbiswa kwebhizimisi pamwe chete kunofanira kutanga kutanga kwekugadzirwa nekugadzirwa kwemarudzi matsva engarava. Saka, pakazosvika 2020, yakagadzirirwa kusika kusvika kune dzakawandisa zvemashure mauto. Iri rakarongwa kugadzira shanduro yakarongedzwa ye 677 Lada project uchishandisa masimiro emazuva ano. Nokudaro, danho rinokosha richatorwa mukuvandudzika kwekusimba kwemauto emagetsi edzimba.

Izvi zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti nhaka yeSoviet Union yakafanana neyekare yegungwa remvura ine zvishoma nezvishoma yakanyorerwa uye inotsiviwa nemashizha matsva. Nokudaro, ngarava yemakungwa eRussia pasi pegungwa yakagadziridzwa zvakare gungwa remauto B-396 yeZKB MT Rubin project. Yaiva chikamu cheNorthern Fleet yeRussian Federation uye yakashandira kusvika muna 2000.