Ndechipi zvoupfumi nharaunda. Central Black Earth nharaunda: Vhuṱanzi

Central Black Earth nharaunda zvoupfumi (TSCHER) rakanyatsojeka kukosha upfumi nemamiriro Russian Federation. Izvi imhaka nzvimbo yomugariro uye kugadzirwa zvivako iri mundima yayo. Ngatidzidzei zvakawanda upfumi nharaunda Central Black Earth chii chinoumba. Uyewo pfungwa tsanangudzo yokuti regionalization.

Economic nharaunda Russia

Economic dunhu - chikamu nyika kuti ane zvimwe zvaidiwa zvoupfumi specialization, zvakajairika kwezvivako, nzira yokukurukurirana.

Redistricting haisi rutivi yaiona-miganhu weboka nyika, uye anoshumira zvoupfumi-nenzvimbo izwi kurerutsa kunzwisisa ezvoupfumi ukama, uyewo yamunenge mukana kuronga pakuzadzisa mudunhu.

Pari muna Russian Federation govera izvi gumi vanotongwa. Upfumi nzvimbo Central Black Earth - mumwe wavo. Pairi ichakurukurwa zvizere pazasi.

Nzvimbo yomugariro nzvimbo

Economic Region Central Black Earth iri kumaodzanyemba-dzokumadokero chikamu Russia. Kudeuka guta, uye panguva imwecheteyo yaro ndibatsireiwo centre - Voronezh, iyo ine vagari vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1. The nemamiriro Central Black Earth nharaunda zvoupfumi inosanganisira shanu kumatunhu Russia: Kursk, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Tambov. (. 52 200 sq km,) Kudeuka nzvimbo izvi -Voronezhskaya, uye duku munzvimbo ine Lipetsk - 24.000 mativi mamita. ? km. Area Belgorod, Kursk uye Tambov nzvimbo iri 27100, 30 000 kana 34 500 sq. ? km azvaitwa.

Dzimwe nguva kunotaurwa kudunhu sezvo Orel nharaunda, ine papi nevamwe vanotongwa nhoroondo Russian yakafanana nuances okukura uye simba ezvoupfumi noushamwari. Asi ano yebasa zoning kwazvinoita muCentral muruwa zvoupfumi.

Saka, 167 700 sq. ? km - the miganhu nharaunda, iro rine Central Black Earth nharaunda zvoupfumi. EGP (upfumi uye nenzvimbo mamiriro ezvinhu) zviri zvikuru kunobatsira. Nzvimbo iri panguva iyoyo iri hama napedyo kuna guru uye zvikuru yakabatana kumuganhu wehurumende pakati Russia neUkraine. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti chinokosha turnover mundima yayo, izvo, zvisinei, yakaderera nokuda kuwedzera ukama nevavakidzani.

zita

Economic Region (Central Black Earth) akawana zita raro panguva yeRussian Empire, kana zvechokwadi kubatikana ine chinzvimbo European chikamu nyika. Pari, zita rayo yepamutemo hachisi chokwadi zvachose, sezvo nzvimbo iri kumadokero kumiganhu Russia uye haisi munharaunda yakakura nechepakati.

Black Earth dunhu ainzi nokuti kuti hwaro ivhu raro riri rakaorera dema ivhu. zita rake rechipiri, iro rine kumbonyanya paupamhi makopi - Black Earth.

nyaya

Central Black Earth upfumi munharaunda Russia ine nani dzinonakidza uye kare kukura.

Misha chokutanga vanhu ano akawanikwa munzvimbo iyi vakawanda kuti Bronze Age. Vakanga vanonzi abashevo tsika. Gare gare, nharaunda yaigarwa zhinji namarudzi Chernozemya: vaSitiya, Sarmatians, Alans, Khazars, Pechenegs, Cumans.

In huru mativi nzvimbo akagadzirisa uye madzinza necheSalvic ose northerners, apo iye ainzi Siverschyna. Akava chikamu Old Russian mamiriro, uye pashure yakawondomoka yaiva chikamu Chernigov uye Novgorod-Seversky zvemisoro. Foundation weguta Kursk riri yomusi 1032 gore. Ndiye dangwe aivapo nemisha munharaunda Black Ivhu.

Pashure Mongol nechisimba ndima idzi vakauya dongo. Pano Vaidzungaira Nogai. West of pari Central Black Earth nharaunda yakava chikamu Duchy pakati Lithuania.

Kubvira XV remakore chinokosha nokusimbaradza kuMoscow weutungamiriri, rakanga kuchinjwa kuti Russian nzvimbo. simba yake vakatanga kupararira munyika Chernozem. Vagari ava ade kumaodzanyemba kumiganhu nyika nokuda Crimean Khanate uye nokungoti kunotsvaka ivhu rakaorera. Panoperera navatanhatu nhare remakore akavaka Belgorod uye Voronezh, uye akazova nemaguta makuru, uye zvino remunharaunda pakati.

Panguva Russian Empire, mushure administrative zvinhu muna 1708, Chernozem nharaunda yakakamurwa pakati Azov uye Kiev neyenyika. Tinogona kutaura kuti panguva ino, kubvira kumugumo XV remakore, nharaunda dzinongoita oga uye akawana wandei maitiro kwaari. By 1880 zvinosanganisira ribudiswe nhamba, umo inomira musimboti hwokurima nharaunda (ramangwana TSCHER), izvo zvinosanganisira zvinotevera enyika: Kaluga, Voronezh, Penza, Ryazan, Tambov, Kursk, Orel, Tula.

Pashure kuuya simba Soviet, muna 1928, zvakanga vakaumba yoga Central Black Earth nharaunda pamwe remunharaunda muzinda Voronezh. nechivako Its rinosanganisira Orel, Voronezh, Tambov uye Kursk neyenyika. Muna 1934, Central Black Earth nharaunda yakaguma ndokuparadzanisa pakati Voronezh uye Kursk nharaunda. Muna 1937, kubva nechivako avo vanozivikanwa Orel uye Tambov kumatunhu, uye muna 1954 Lipetsk zvakawanda uye Belgorod.

Ndicho kweSoviet zvikuru chinoita kwemaindasitiri nharaunda, kuvaka hombe mafekitari emakambani, uyewo zvakasimba kukura kurima. Zvakanzi zvekare akatanga zvoupfumi regionalization mune ano pfungwa shoko, uye akasimbisa TSCHER.

The ano Danho

Mushure kuziviswa uchangamire RSFSR pamugumo May 1991 sachigaro Armed Forces Borisa Eltsina chirevo akazivisa pakusikwa Association of "Black Nyika", iyo yakagadzirirwa kugarwa nekuita pamwe nomunhu nzvimbo nharaunda. Pakazosvika 2010, Association zvinosanganisira 10 kumatunhu, 5 iyo haana kuiswawo pakati TSCHER, kunyange zvazvo vari yepakarepo pedyo nayo.

Kumhanya 90-s, uyewo yose Russia, nharaunda iri kuitika kuburikidza dzakaoma: kugadzirwa dzakawira, mabhizimisi akawanda zvakavharwa. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti nuances yokuchinjira kubva akaronga pamusika upfumi. Asi kubva pakutanga 2000s, mamiriro ezvinhu Central Black Earth nharaunda zvoupfumi kwakavandudza zvinokosha, kunyange zvazvo vachiri kure kunyatsonyudzwa kushandiswa zvizere kwadzo.

uwandu hwevanhu

Vagari of Central Black Earth upfumi nharaunda panguva anenge 7800 zviuru. Vanhu ari arambe achirema vanhu 46 muzana mativi kiromita. ? km. Wandei vanhu vanogara mumaguta - vanenge 70%, uye% chete 30 vemo vari kumaruwa vagari.

The kupfuura nevakabva munharaunda Chernozem - Voronezh. Vagari pane vanhu mamiriyoni 2,3, iro nhoroondo vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1 pachake Voronezh. Chokupedzisira chinhu vagari vane Tambov dunhu - vanhu mamiriyoni 1.05. Population Belgorod, Lipetsk uye Kursk kumatunhu 1,6, 1,2 uye vanhu mamiriyoni 1,1. azvaitwa.

The soro arambe achirema zvokuwedzera muna Belgorod mudunhu -. 57,1 vanhu / ba. ? km. Duku iri Tambov -. 30.5 vanhu / ba Km. ? km. Relevant zviratidzi Lipetsk, Voronezh uye Kursk kumatunhu azvidavirire 48,1, 44,7, 37.3 vanhu / ba. M. ? km.

The National Kuronga yakakura nhamba yevanhu vari munharaunda (pamusoro 95%) vari Russian. Kuwanda Ukrainians haapfuuri 1.5-2% yevanhu hupfumi nharaunda. Zvimwewo vashoma zvinofanira kucherechedzwa vokuArmenia, vechiGypsy, Azerbaijanis, vokuTurkey, vaJudha uye Yezidi Kurds. Zvisinei, chero nhamba vamiririri izvi emadzinza iri diki - asingasviki 0.5% kubva uwandu vagari Chernozemya.

maguta

maguta nenhoroondo ine mbiri - vazhinji makuru nemisha iri mundima Black Earth nharaunda.

Kudeuka kugarwa hupfumi nharaunda iri guta rayo musimboti - Voronezh, apo vagari kwazvo vanhu mamiriyoni 1. Pakati pezvimwe makuru masangano anofanira dzinounzwa romunharaunda zvakadai nzvimbo sezvo Lipetck (vanopfuura 500 zviuru. Vagere) Kursk (vanopfuura 420 zviuru. Vagere), Bilgorod (vanopfuura zviuru 380. Vagere) Tambov (vanopfuura 280 zviuru. Vagere). The Kudeuka zvenharaunda pakati ndiro guta vanha Oskol muna Belgorod mudunhu. Vagari kunopfuura zviuru 250. Residents.

Zvose pamusoro nemisha vari zvikuru yakatanga zvakanaka bhizimisi uye kwezvivako.

pfuma

Zviwanikwa zviri Central Black Earth nharaunda kwoupfumi iguru zvechokwadi. On Ndima yayo iri guru Russia uye chechipiri pakukura simbi mhangura dhipoziti munyika - Kursk anomaly. Mukuwedzera, mundima Black Ivhu riri apatite deposits pamusoro bauxite, jecha, reraimu, ivhu, phosphate, choko, girenayiti, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji. Panewo deposits dzendarama, Platinum, mhangura uye nickel.

Asi chikuru dzinongoitika zvekuvaka yacho nharaunda nhema ivhu raro yakaorera. The chatingatevedzera ivhu, nokuda kudunhu chikamu zviri manyowa, unokubvumira unganidza zvimwe zvakanaka vintages munyika.

indasitiri

Specialization of Central Black Earth nharaunda zvoupfumi ane raidudzwa maindasitiri uye okurima hunhu.

Pasinei vazhinji madziro kusimudzira nharaunda, mugove bhizimisi iri upfumi hwayo achiri hunodzorwa mashoma pamusoro kurima. Mukusarudza basa inogarwa anotevera maindasitiri: muchina building, simbi, migodhi, zvokudya kubudiswa, zvemakemikari uye simba maindasitiri.

kurima

Kuvapo rakaorera dema zvinobatsira kuti chokwadi kuti zvokurima ndiye Central Black Earth nharaunda zvoupfumi ane hwakanyatsorwisa yakakwirira azvipire kukura. Zvechokwadi, zvichienzaniswa nguva Soviet ndeyokuti kugadzirwa ari nemauto akaramba zvinokosha, asi, zvakadaro, zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe nharaunda Russian Chernozem Economic zviratidzi kutarisa zvakanaka.

Chinonyanya vakava bazi ndiro chirimwa. The nzvimbo huru - kugadzirwa zviyo, mbeu sunflower, shuga bhiti, mbatatisi nezvimwe miriwo.

In zvipfuwo Kugadzirwa iri hunodzorwa nyama, mukaka nemazai.

budiriro tarisiro

Chokwadi, TSCHER ane imwe rinonyatsooneka kukwanisa zvoupfumi tichienzanisa nedzimwe kumatunhu Russia. Pane zvinokosha matura zviwanikwa zviri muchimiro rimwe munyika kupfuura simbi mhangura deposits uye akawandisa kupfuura rakaorera nevhu - chernozems. Infrastructure nemaindasitiri hupfumi nharaunda iri yakatanga kwazvo, kuchine zvinhu zvakawanda nhaka kubva kweSoviet.

Sei zvinobudirira achashandisa mukana kunoenderana utungamiriri nyika rose, uyewo kubva emunharaunda vatungamiri. Asi kwete muduku TSCHER ramangwana kunoenderana mumwe munhu mupenyu ikoko. Chete wechokwadi chinangwa uye kuramba nzira kuti unogona here kuunza zvaioneka zvabuda. Zvisinei, tinogona kutaura kuti kukura nharaunda iri nechekare kurudyi njanji.