Ndivanaani vaJanishezari? Zvinoreva izwi rokuti "Janissary"

Mune zvinyorwa zvevanyori venhau dzakaitika vanotsanangura nezveHurumende yeOttoman, inowanzotaurwa nezve "hondo muuto" - mauto chaiwo anotungamirirwa zvakananga kune sultan. Ndivanaani vaJanishezari, kuti rudzi urwu rwemauto rwakagadzirwa sei, unogona kudzidza kubva munyaya ino.

Kufambira mberi kune zvakaitika

Janishezari anozivikanwa kubvira pakati pezana remakore rechi14, apo mapoka eTurkey elite infantry akarongerwa nesimba reSultan Murad I. Zvinorehwa neshoko rokuti "mapurisa" ndiro "hondo itsva" (muTurkey). Pakutanga, mapoka avo akaumbwa kubva kune vechidiki vechiKristu vechidiki nevarume vechidiki. Pasinei zvakasimba uye dzimwe nguva zvinotyisa zvekurera vana veTurkey, varwi venguva yemberi vakasara nemazita echiKristu. VaJanissas vakarererwa vari voga kubva kune vamwe vana, vachidzidzira unyanzvi hwekurwa uye kutendeseka kwekutendeka kune Sultan. Muzana remakore rechi16 junipers vaigona kuva vakomana veTurkey kubva. Vakasarudzwa vakasarudzwa kubva kune vechidiki vane simba, vane hanya uye vakaoma kubva pamakore makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe. Vakasarudzwa vakagara mumisasa, kudzidziswa kwavo kwakaitika mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma zvikuru. Masoja aya akakamurwa kuva makambani, akadya kubva kune rimwe gorofodhi uye akadana shamwari dzehurongwa hwe dervishes. Vakanga varambidzwa kuroora, mhuri yavo yaiva yekambani yekodhi (orta), chiratidzo chei chaifungidzirwa sevharoni.

Anonyanya kuzivikanwa munhau dzakaitika kare wezana remakore rechi19, T.N. Granovsky. Mumabasa ake zvinotaurwa kuti mutungamiri weTurkey aiva nevana vechidiki vanobudirira munyika yose, asi kuumbwa kwacho kwaishamisa: "VaJanishea vakakunda hondo dzose, pasi peVarna, pasi peKosovo ..." Yakave nekuda kwekushinga kwavo uye simba ravo rainzi Constantinople. Nokudaro, mutongi weTurkey akakunda nharaunda itsva ndokusimbisa simba rake nekuda kwevarwi vechiKristu kubva pakutanga.

Best of the best

VaneJanisheria vakapiwa ropafadzo dzinoverengeka. Kubvira muzana remakore rechi16, vaiva nekodzero yekuisa mhuri, kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana uye kutengeserana munguva isiri yehondo. Masoja ega ega akakurumbira akapiwa muga wega Sultan. Pakati pezvipo zvaive zvishongo, zvombo uye zvipo zvekupa. Vatungamiri vemuromo waJanissary vakatora kwemakore mazhinji ehurumende dzepamusoro uye dzehurumende dzeumambo hweTurkey. Mauto-majai eveJanishea aive kwete muIstanbul chete, asiwo mumaguta makuru makuru eTurkey nyika. Pakati pezana remakore rechi16, vaJanisheria vakagamuchira kugamuchira vatorwa pakati pavo. Zita ravo rakagara nhaka. Uye Mutariri weJanissary anove akavharwa mune zvematongerwo enyika uye zvematongerwe enyika. Izvi mukati, zvakakwana zvakasununguka zvakabatanidzwa mune zvezvematongerwe enyika, zvakagadzirisa uye kuparadza masangano uye zvakaita basa guru mumitemo yepamba yenyika.

Chimiro chevaJanissas

Iyo yakakwirira, yakashongedzwa nemhangura huru yemhangura - keche, inopupurira kuti vanamatoji ndevanaani uye kuti nzvimbo yavo ndeipi pakati pemamwe marudzi eTurkey mauto. Pamakona ehope pakanga pane zvidzitiro zvehuni zvakavezwa, izvo zvakazvipa nzvimbo yakasimba. Pamberi pechinyorwa ichi chakanga chakasungirirwa jira refu refu rakasvika pamucheka wemurwi. Itainine yakareba yakaratidza sleeve yemuiti mukuru, pasi pechikomborero chaive maJanisheria. Ruvara rwehuti rwakanga rwakafanana nemuvara we caftan (zhupan) akapfekedzwa nemurwi.

Zvokupfeka zvekunze zvejasitari zvaiva nehombodo yakareba yehuni, inonzi kereya. Pakutanga, ruvara rwakasimbiswa rwekerei rwakanga rusiri, asi nekutanga kwezana remakore rechi18 jaivha yejaji yaiva mumatambudziko akawanda tsvuku. Pasi pekereya yakaiswa panguo yenguvo, kazhinji yakachena, ine micheka yakareba yakareba. Pamativi ose zhupan yakanga yakareba kwenguva refu ichibvumira kuti jastaire isunungure muhondo. Uye pasi, chipfeko ichi chakanga chakakoswa netambo dzaive dzemuvara wakafanana ne kereya. Iyo caftan yakanga yakashongedzwa ne saber-ligature uye bhanhire rakakura rechemberi.

Pasi pemucherechedzo wekereiwo aiva nehombodo refu - yakareba uye yakafara. Kazhinji vaifukidza musoro webhoti kusvika hafu.

Zvinhu zvakawanda zveTurkey zvokupfeka zvemauto zvakagamuchirwa neCossacks. Kutevedzera muenzaniso wevaJanissas mumasutu avo vanoita sevhupany yakareba uye yakafara. Kufananidza kunozviratidza mukuonekwa. Cossacks naJanissaries havana kupfeka ndebvu, asi vakakura masharuba mazhinji. Izvo zvakaoma ikozvino kuti utaure kuti sei iko kukwereta kwakaitika, asi kuti zvakaitika - hazvina mubvunzo.

Mahofisi evaJanissas

Vapurisa vaipfeka zvakangofanana zvakafanana nevamwe veJanisheria. Panzvimbo yekoto ne shlikom vanoisa kumusoro, pamusoro payo tambo, kazhinji kachena , yakasungirirwa . Dzimwe nguva bhanhire rakange rakakuvadzwa rakapoteredza chikwata, tambo yakagadziridzwa iri mberi yakanga inowanzoshongedzwa nechishongo - chindori kana bharoki nebwe. Panzvimbo pechikwama cheganda , vatariri vaipfeka bhanhire rakagadzirwa nemucheka kana ruvara rwePezhiya rakapfuma.

Zvombo zvevaJanishezari

Pakutanga, mapurisa ejane vaiva vapfuri vemiseve, saka chimbo chokutanga chevarindi veTurkey chaiva uta. Kusiyana nemaoko emasoja akajairika, uta hwaJanissary hwakanga hwakaoma, nehuwandu hwemoto. Zvishoma nezvishoma uta hwachinja pfuti. Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi15, nhokwe, scimitar uye nheyo yaiva muchikwata cheJanissary. Pamusoro pezvokudya zvekusasa uye zvombo zvinotyisa zvaive, iwe unogona kutonga kubva pane zvakasara zvekucherechedza museum.

Iko Scimitar yaiva yakareba (kusvika kune 70 cm) banga, rakasungirirwa nenzira yenyanga yenzombe. Kusiyana nesabata, blade yeataghan yakanga isiri yekunze, asi kubva mukati. Chibvumirano chake chakaita setibia. Zvombo zvacho zvaishamisa kwazvo zvokuti vega vega vega vaiva nekodzero yokupfeka scimitar. Uyezve, muzana remakore rechi17 vakarambidzwa kuenda kunze kwejoko ravo nebako. Iko Scimitar, yakafanana nezvimwe zvombo, yaiva mubayiro kana trophy. Kana pakutanga kwehondo musoja akanga asina zvombo zvake, vatungamiri vakazvibudisa.

Janissaries kubva kumaSlav

Nezvekuti vatongi veTurkey vaiva ani, uye kubudirira kwemasangano ehondo aya aizivikanwa zvikuru. Hazvishamisi kuti mauniti akadaro akaedza kuumba dzimwe nyika. Zvisinei, kune vose kunze kwekuonekwa uye chinangwa, maJanishea muuto rePolish-Lithuanian Commonwealth yakasiyana zvikuru kubva kuTechkeake wavo.

Mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi18, kusati kwaguma kweNorthern War, semugumisiro wekukurukurirana pakati pevatongi vekupikisa naMambo August II, kuchinja kwechiuto kwakaitwa. Mauto mashomanana akaendesa kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzehondo nguva dzose, iyo maiva nemakambani maviri emakanishe (mabhendi) muaifamba. Vaiita basa revarindi - vakanga vari pasi pehetman uye vaiishandisa ivo pachavo mabasa uye sekudzivirirwa kwavo pachavo .

Masoja emapoka

VaKhrugvi vaive nemapoka avo emimhanzi nemimhanzi yavo. Masimba emitambo akadaro ainzi janissary chapels. Mhedzisiro huru yechechi yakadaro yaiva doro - kaviri zvakanyanya sezvinoitwa mumakwikwi emamwe mabhuku ehondo. Muchitendero, vatanhatu kana kupfuura vapi vemaimbi, zvichizivikanwa seva surahmaks, vakapinda. Mienzaniso inotsanangura mimhanzi yejasari "sechisimba" uye "inotyisa."

Kuguma kwevaJanissas

Mapurisa eBelarusian akarega kuvapo mushure mekukundwa kwaStanislav Radziwill. Mushure mekukundikana kwehondo kwemauto, akasiya basa kune imwe nyika. Uye hondo yake pachayo yakavhiringidzwa, uye musungwa weJanissary zvakare wakasununguka.

Mamwe matambudziko aizomirira varwi vavo veTurkey. MuHurumende yeOttoman, munhu wose aiziva kuti jenariyari dzaiva ani. Kusiyana neRzeczpospolita, varwi ava vakanga vasiri vevarindi veSultan, asi vakanga varipo sevasungwa vakavharwa, kusvika muna 1826. Ipapo mutungamiriri weTurkey Mahmud II akapa chirevo chokuparadza maJanisheria. Sezvo muhondo yakajeka mikana yekukunda varwi vane ruzivo rwakanga isingakoshi, sultan akapfuurira mberi. Vanhu vanopfuura makumi matatu makumi matatu vakarovererwa muHippodrome ndokupfurwa ne cannon kubva ku cannon. Nokudaro zvakaguma nguva yevaJanissas, uye yekare yezvigadzirwa zvehondo.