Zinaida Vissarionovna Yermolieva: biography nemifananidzo

Zinaida Ermolieva aiva mumiririri mukuru wemishonga yeSoviet. Akava mutungamiri wezvidzidzo zvakawanda zvepamusoro, sezvo maitiro emakorikari enhasi anooneka.

Makore okutanga

Zinaida Vissarionovna Yermolieva akaberekwa muna 1898 muFrolovo, imwe yemapurazi akawanda eDon Cossack Region. Ndapedza chikoro muNovocherkassk. Apo yaiva nguva yekusarudza basa, musikana wacho akasarudza kuti basa rake raiva mushonga. Jermolieva akapinda muDon University kuRostov-on-Don. Akatova mudiki hwake mudzidzi akaratidza zvinoshamisa zveunhu hwake. Akanga akasiyana nechinangwa, kubudirira, nyota yezivo uye kuda kwakasimba. Kwapera nguva yakareba, atova musayendisiti akakurumbira, Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva akayeuka kuti aida sei kupinda mu laboratori pachivande asati azarura, kuitira kuti awa imwe kana maviri kuti tinkeridzana nemafuta.

Kuda kukuru kwedzidzidzi kwakabva kwangova microbiology. Yaiva kwaari kuti Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva akazvipira upenyu hwake hwose. Mushure mekunge apedza kudzidza ku yunivhesiti, akagara mune imwe nzvimbo yepamusoro yezvidzidzo semubatsiri kuDhipatimendi reMacrobiology. Kunyanya nyanzvi dzakawanda dzakanyatsoteerera kuongorora kwezvirwere. Panguva iyoyo, mumakore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri ezana remakore rechi20, zvidzidzo zvitsva zvakanga zvichinyatsooneka, zvakatsaurirwa kune zvisikwa. Sezvo muSoviet Union Yermolieva Zinaida Vissarionovna akagara muchechi uyu wepamberi wekutanga, zita rake raigara richibatanidzwa nezvitsva uye dzimwe nguva kuchinja kwezvinhu.

Studies of cholera

Muna 1922, kuputika kwekorila kwakaitika muRostov-on-Don. Nemhaka yekusagadzirira kwezviremera nehuwandu hwevanhu, yakakurumidza kuva denda. KwaJermolieva ndiyo nguva yekudzidza chirwere ichi kwete mu test test tubes, asi mumigwagwa yeguta rako. Sayenzi iyo yaiziva nezvekororera haisi yakawanda. A causative agent aizivikanwa - iyo vibrio cholera. Zvisinei, pane mamwe mabhakitiriya akafanana nawo, asi haana kumbobvunzwa nevasayendisiti kusvikira pakupedzisira.

Yaiva nemakiromita aya Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva akashanda kwenguva yakareba. Kuedza kunzwisisa zvinokonzerwa nezviratidzo pamuviri womunhu, akawana dambudziko guru. Ermolieva pachake akazvitakura kuti aite chiitiko chinokosha nesayenzi. Kuedza kwakabudirira. Yakaratidza kuti mabhakitiriya ane chokuita nemaviri mumutumbi wemunhu mutate uye anova kutyisa upenyu.

Kufamba kuMoscow

Chinangwa chikuru chekuedza kwaErmolieva nevamwe vaaishanda vaiva chirwere chinogona kudzivirira vanhu kubva kune chirwere chinouraya. Mabhakitiriya anokonzera korera yakarongerwa kushorwa kwezvinhu zvakawanda. Pashure pokuedzwa kwenguva refu uye nguva yakawanda yaErmoliev, Zinaida Vissarionovna akaratidza kuti kudzivirira kwevanhu, zvakakwana kuti chlorinate mvura. Zvigumisiro zvebasa rake rezvesayenzi zvakagadzira hwaro hwemaitiro matsva ehutsanana, izvo zvakabva zvangove zvakamanikidzwa kunyika yose.

Munenge pakati pemakore ekuma1920, atozivikanwa kare, nyanzvi yemakorikari yakatamira kuMoscow, kwaakaendesa imwe yemasangano paBioochemical Institute pasi pePublic Commissioner of Health yeRSFSR. Ermolieva neboka rake vari kushanda pakudzidza ma microbes, kusanganisira aya echolera vibrios. Mutsvakurudzi akawana subspecies itsva yei microorganism. Iyo pathogen yakasiyana nedzimwe hama dzayo pakuti inogona kupenya murima rakadzika. Apo sangano rezvesayenzi renyika dzakawanda rakazoziva zvibereko zvebasa raErmolieva, rakasarudzwa kudana zita iri rezita rake.

International renown

Muna 1925 pakanga pane yekutanga maitiro eSoviet laboratory yekudzidza microbial biochemistry. Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva akava muvambi uye anofuridzira wezviitiko izvi zvakasiyana. Mufananidzo wemuongorori wakatanga kupinda mune dzimwe nyika masayenzi ezvesayenzi. Munyika dzinoverengeka nyaya dzayo dzakabudiswa (pamusoro pe microbiology, epidemiology, nezvimwewo).

Ipapo Jermolieva akatanga kutarisana neukisi. MuSoviet Union, ichi chiitiko chakadzidzwa singly. Nokuda kwekuchinjana kwechiitiko chakakosha, mukadzi wacho akatanga kufamba kune imwe nyika kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzebhizimisi, kusanganisira kuFrance neGermany. Panyaya iyi, akapedza nguva yake yose yekusununguka (iyo yakanga isina kunyanya) pamitauro yekunze. Muna 1928, Jermolieva akashanyira sangano re microbiological rainzi Louis Pasteur muParis. Kunyanya kubereka kwaiva basa rakabatanidzwa raZinaida Vissarionovna pamwe nevamwe veGermany vaaishanda naye.

MuCentral Asia

Pakupera kwema1930, nyanzvi dzakakura dzeSoviet mukurwisa korera dzakabuda. Nhengo huru yeboka iri raiva Ermolieva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Nhoroondo yemukadzi uyu nekuda kweiyi yakanga yakazadzwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutengesa kwebhizimisi.

Muna 1939, chirwere chekurera muAfghanistan chakatanga. Vakuru veSoviet vakatanga kuronga zvirongwa zvekudzivirira kuitira kuti hutachiona husina kupinda muCentral Asian socialist republics. Rimwe boka raishanda rakatumirwa kuTashkent, rakatungamirirwa naErmolieva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Vana nevakuru, vagari vemaguta makuru uye avo vari kure - vose vaiva pasi pekutyisidzirwa kwehutachiona. Vakabatsira mushonga wakagadzirwa naErmolieva. Uyewo muUzbekistan, chirongwa chitsva chekuedza kwehutachiwana mumuviri chakaedzwa.

Kushanda paTashkent Institute, Zinaida Vissarionovna, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, akagamuchira mushonga mutsva wakabatanidza zvirwere kubva kune marudzi akawanda ezvirwere kamwechete. Mushonga wakarwa nekolera, diphtheria uye typhus.

Lysozyme

Muma1930, zvidzidzo zve lysozyme zvakaitwa muSoviet Union, inotungamirirwa naJermolieva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Mupiro wei microbiology yemukadzi uyu wakabhadharwa nekugamuchira imwe yemishonga inokosha. Yaiva enzyme ye lysozyme, iyo yakashandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvezvokudya sekuchengetedza uye mumishonga sechirwere chinoputika.

Panozvenzira iyi yesayenzi, Yermolieva akapedza basa revatungamiri varo. Muna 1909 Pavel Lashchenkov akawana iyo substance lysozyme. Musayendisiti akaiwana muii yeiyi uye akawana kuti inogona kumisa kupararira kwemakemikari. Gare gare, lysozyme yakawanikwa muzvinyorwa zvevanhu uye masukisi. Zvisinei, izvi zvose zvakawanikwa hazvina kuwana shanduro inoshanda.

Zvitsva zvakawanikwa

Kwemakore akawanda biologist dzakaedza kuziva mamiriro ekudzivirirwa kwemuviri kumabhakitiriya. Kudzidza kwe lysozyme kunogona kuzarura chifukidziro chekuvanzika pamusoro pechirahwe chechilogi. Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva akatora chidzidzo chezvinhu izvi nevadzidzi vake. Izvo zvakakosha zvei microbiologist dzakanga dzatova zhinji, asi haana kuzorora pamararamiro ake, asi akaenderera mberi kushanda zvakawandisa uye kubudirira kuitira kubatsirwa kwezvesayenzi.

Ermolieva's authorship ndeyekwenyanzvi yekubudiswa kwe lysozyme. Uyezve, ndiye akanga ari wokutanga kuisa pfungwa dzake pakubudirira kuburikidza nekuishandisa mumishonga. Sezvo atsiva chimiro chemakemikari yezvinhu, muitsvakurudzi akakwanisa kuona lysozyme mumiti yakasiyana-siyana - horseradish, radish, etc. Iyi tsanangudzo yakatsanangura kubudirira kwemishonga yakasiyana-siyana yezvirwere nezvirwere.

Purofesa uye Doctor weScience

Lizotzim ndiyo yaiva nyaya yekutsvakurudza kwaErmolieva muupenyu hwake hwose, kutanga muma1930s. Muna 1970, laboratori yake yakakwanisa kugadzira ichi chinhu mune fomu yekristalline. Mushure meizvi, lysozyme yakashandiswa mukurapa kwemafiropiyo, kuvhiyiwa, vanachiremba uye dzimwe mamiriro.

Imwe shanduro ye lysozyme inowanikwa mune zvekudya neyemari. Yakatanga kushandiswa sekuchengetedza kweimwe michina inoparara, somuenzaniso caviar. Hurumende yaifarira basa reimwe nyanzvi inobereka saEramovava Zinaida Vissarionovna. Mipiro yakagamuchirwa ne-microbiologist (Stalin Prize, Mutemo waLenin uye Mutemo weBlack Banner of Labor) yaiva chiratidzo chekukosha kwebasa rake. Mukuwedzera, muongorori muna 1935 akazova chiremba wesayenzi, uye muna 1939 purofesa.

Kubatsira ku Stalingrad

Munguva yeGreat Patriotic War, nyika yacho yainyanya kuda nyanzvi dzakadai seZinaida Vissarionovna Ermolieva. "Vabereki" veSoviet microbiology uye epidemiology vakatumirwa kuStartrad kuitira kuti vakurire mavhiri ekutanga kwekororera muguta rakaparadzwa. Basa rakaoma rokutsvaga masayendisiti kunzvimbo yakatarisana nharaunda yakaitwa nokuti zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuparadzira mishonga inodzivirira yekudzivirira kune vagari vomunharaunda. Tariro chete yevanhu veStalingrad yaiva yekugadzira kuve kwemishonga muguta racho pacharo.

Pasinei nengozi dzose dzinosangana nekurwisana mumugwagwa, kuputika kwebhomba nezvimwe zvinotyisa zvehondo, Zinaida Yermolieva pamwe chete neboka rake vakaronga kupora kukuru kwevanhu. Apo kugadzirwa kwakagadzirwa, mushonga unotarisirwa wakatanga kutora pavanhu zviuru makumi mashanu pazuva. Kutenda nebasa rekushanda kwei microbiologist uye vanachiremba, takakwanisa kudzivisa denda guru muguta rakasimbiswa ne Wehrmacht.

Tsvaka mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya

Paaiva muStalingrad uye achitarisa mauto akakuvadzwa eWorld Army, Zinaida Ermolieva akataura nezvekuti vazhinji veavo vakafa havana kufa nekuda kwemavanga ivo pachavo, asi nekuda kwekusvibiswa kweropa uye zvinetso zvakafanana. Panguva imwecheteyo, laboratory yake yakatanga kutsvakurudza pamusoro penzira yedambudziko iri.

Ermolieva mukutsvakurudza kwake kwakabva pakuwanikwa kwaAlexander Fleming. Muna 1929 akawana chinhu chitsva chemishonga-penicillin. Iyi mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, inowanzoenderana nemafungiro, yakava kuchinja kwechokwadi mune pharmacology. Fleming haana kumbokwanisa kuita kuti zvaakawana zviwanikwe zvikuru, sezvo dambudziko racho rakanga risina kunyatsogadzikana. Zvino basa iri rakaiswa naErmoleva Zinaida Vissarionovna. Penicillin inogona kuva nheyo yemushonga wepasi rose wezvirwere zvinokonzerwa ne streptococci uye staphylococci.

Kuonekwa kweSoviet penicillin

Mazana ekutanga emapenicillin epamba akaonekwa muna 1942. Zvakanga zvakakosha kuti Soviet chete michina yakashandiswa yakashandiswa pakugadzirwa kwayo. Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, Howard Flory akauya kuU.SR. Uyu musayendisiti aiva purofesa paOxford University, akakwanisa kuwana kubudirira kwakafanana muUnited States.

Vanhu vokuBritain vakauya nemuenzaniso wavo wemishonga kuMoscow kuti vaenzanise. Kuongororwa kwakaratidza kuti penicillin Ermolieva akaita zvakanyanya zvakajeka. Pasinei neizvi, muna 1945, Nobel Komiti yakapa Mubayiro muPhysiology uye Medicine waiva Howard Chlori.

Pamberi

Kunyange zvazvo Hondo yePatritic Patriotic yakanga isati yasvika pakupedzisira, mazana evarwi veSoviet vakanga vachida rubatsiro rwekukurumidza. Pakupera kwa1944, Ermoliev, pamwe chete nechiremba chiremba mukuru Nikolay Burdenko, akaenda mberi kuti aedze mishonga mumamiriro ekurwa. Soviet penicillin yakarwisana nemuedzo wakaoma - mushonga wacho wakabatsira zvechokwadi vakakuvadzwa Red Army varume. Mushure meizvi, kugadzirwa kwemishonga kwakatanga.

Zvose hafu yegore mberi, Purofesa Ermolieva aifanira kushanda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. B laboratori yake yaiva muchitsime, uye zvigadzirwa zvose zvakaunganidzwa nokukurumidza. Pasinei nenharaunda isina kujairika, imwe nyanzvi yemakorikari yakakunda basa rake.

Mushure mehondo

Mumakore apfuura hondo, Zinaida Yermolieva akatanga kumira Soviet Union muWorld Health Organization. Chisarudzo chakawira pamusoro pake hachisi chiitiko. Akanga achiziva mitauro zvakanaka, uye kuwanda kwebasa rake kumushonga wepanyama kwakakosha. Muna 1956, chirwere chepachipatara chakakonzera WHO Komiti yeAntebiotics. Muchikamu ichi, Zinaida Yermolieva akagara kweupenyu hwake hwose.

Mumakore makumi mashanu nemakumi matanhatu, akadzokazve mabasa ake ezvokutumira, akanganiswa nehondo. Mumakore akawanda, Jermolieva akanyora mapeji anopfuura 500 esayenzi. Ipapo akazova mukurumbira munyika yose nekuda kweVeniamin Kaverin. Soviet munyori akashandisa biography yeZinaida Vissarionovna semuenzaniso wehupenyu hwehupenyu hwehutano hwemutsamba wake "The Open Book". Yakabudiswa mune zvikamu mumagazini einyorwa muna 1948-1956.

Kaverin aiziva Jermoliev pachake kubvira muna 1928. Vakaderedzwa nehanzvadzi yemunyori - Lev Zilber, uyo akanga ari muongorori mumunda we virology uye oncology. Musayendisiti kwenguva refu aishanda naErmolieva. Munguva yekudzvinyirira Stalinist, Zilber akanga ari mumusasa. Pane imwe yekushanyira kwake naZinaida Vissarionovna, akamupa chinyorwa chakavanzika chebasa rake rezvesayenzi, iro muongorori akapfuurira zvakananga muGulag. Ichi chiitiko, kufanana nevamwe vazhinji, chinoratidza ushingi hwakakura uye kuzvipira kune basa raJermolieva. Zinaida Vissarionovna akapfuurira kushanda nekuongorora kusvikira pakupedzisira. Akafa musi waDecember 2, 1974, achisiya shanduro huru yesayenzi kuvana vake.