Nhoroondo waini: kwakabva rekare zvinobata

Zvichida hapana mumwe chinwiwa munhoroondo vanhu havana kukonzera kwazvo gakava uye makakatanwa. nzvimbo dzakawanda uye marudzi uye achiri kurwira ushasha uye vanozviti akazogadzira kushandiswa yakavira muto wemazambiringa, uye nevaya hazvitauri musoro, funga: chete, Somuenzaniso, zvinogona chokunwa chaiyo zvose mitemo! Nhoroondo waini kupfuura chimwe chemakore. Masayendisiti, vanochera matongo uye oenologists (vatsvakurudzi kudzidza waini), nenzira, achiri havagoni kupa chaicho mhinduro kune zvetsika mubvunzo: "Ndiani, apo, apo" Asi, maererano achangopfuura data, 10 000 apfuura vanhu aitoziva chii mazambiringa nemagariro (kana Vitis). Uye mumazuva iwayo nomufaro vachidya michero uye kunwa muto kubva mairi. Panguva Kucherwa, masayendisiti abudisa shards zvevhu amphorae anofungidzirwa chete vakasara waini, uye wokutanga vhidhiyo munhoroondo waini - vanodhirowa uye magwaro, uchapupu chinonwiwa - yakatanga kune 4th chemakore BC.

Chokwadi, zvakaoma kutaura kuti chokwadi, kana vanhu vakatanga massively uchapedza yakavira muto. Chii chinorehwa neshoko rokuti "waini"? Ichi - chokunwa pamwe pasi / avhareji chikamu doro kuti akaita doro chinovira mazambiringa (vanofanira, muto), kana pulp. Maererano panguva zvinyorwa, viticulture uye distilleries vakanga kurimwa kunyange kupfuura kare, panguva pakuvapo kwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, muSiriya uye Caucasus, Mesopotamia uye Egyptian umambo muzambiringa akaonekwa makore 7000 akapfuura. Zvikazikamwa kare ikako zvakasiyana mupise uye kubika nzira. Kusimbiswa chokwadi ndiwo zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo: vekare vokuIjipiti Bhanabhasi-reliefs, ari ecuneiform magwaro, Mesopotamian mifananidzo, uyewo mamwe manyuko. Kunyange ipapo vanhu vaiziva sei kuti kubika uye kunwa waini.

Egyptian prehistory

Egypt akava mumwe wokutanga kunyika Mediterranean, apo vanhu vakatanga kukudziridza mazambiringa. Pano waini zvinoberekwa zviduku zvakawanda uye akashandisa zvokunwa naMwari zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvinangwa zvokunamata, nokuti mhemberero uye mitambo. Cherechedza kuti waini kwave wakatendera chete vashoma vanokudzwa uye vapristi.

vaGiriki vekare

Anenge makore 3000 apfuura Greece, tsika waini yakanga vatotanga. History of Waini yakatanga pano muKrete uye Cyprus, Samosi uye cheLesbos - Drink nzvimbo idzi chainyanya kukosha. Greece aiva Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri ezvinhu okunze, uye somugumisiro echiGiriki mizambiringa kubudikidza tsanangudzo anogona kunzi pakati zvakanakisisa kutakura waini. History rwatova panguva inotaurwa pana anopfuura 100 akasiyana kunwa 150 akasiyana mizambiringa.

Zvakakurukurwa iyoyo kugadzirwa

Nechinangwa chinovira waini (vaduku) rikawira mukati kumbonyanya yakakura yakavanda midziyo, zvange fumigated sarufa (muitiro yakatora kwemwedzi anosvika matanhatu dzimwe nguva zvakawanda). zvemiti waini vakawana kudzvinyirira kuvira, okuchengetera kwapera muchando. Waini kazhinji vakasimbirira pamusoro akaomeswa. Zvinwiwa izvi vakadzungaira zvishoma nezvishoma, makore mashanu chete gare gare, mutambo wewaini yakateurirwa pamusoro amphora, vakanga yaipiwa pamwe Labels: Rinotaura nzvimbo inoshandiswa, panguva yokukohwa, kuvapo yokuvirisa, ruvara. Most nguva nayo akakura yakanakisisa akasiyana waini. Dura nokuti chinovira rainge akashongedzerwa maererano.

Dionysus uye basa rake

Maererano mungano yechiGiriki, unyanzvi Data vapiwe Dionysus, mwari, iyo zvino rainzi mwene dzemabhizimisi waini. Mune mungano rekare mumwe raMwari ainzi Mwari ainzi Bacchus (muna Latin - Mwari ainzi Bacchus), uye iye ndiye ane munhu anopa kwazvo unhu. MuRoma yekare, aizofanira kudzora kunwa yakavira muto. Mwari ainzi Bacchus (Mwari ainzi Bacchus) vakazvipira orgy (chaiwo mitambo). A basa raMwari panyika vairidza toastmaster uye mudiri.

Greek nengano

Kubvira kare kare womumvuri vanhu paaivatambudza viticulture. Maererano nerimwe nengano dzechiGiriki, muzambiringa akawana Estafilos mufudzi. Zvinonzi akaisa kunotsvaka zvisipo makwai. Zvadaro, akakwanisa kuona kuti akadya mazambiringa mashizha. Estafilos akasarudza kuunganidza munhu mizambiringa mashomanana zvisingazivikanwi panguva muchero, kuunza Oinos michero, tenzi wake. Oinos ndokusvinira muto kubva mazambiringa. Uye ini cherechedza kuti pamusoro kwenguva drink akatonyanya anonhuwira; ndokudzokera kubudisa waini. Nhoroondo mukugadzira zvavo, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa, iri siyana chaizvo.

Zvimwe zvinhu

Maererano mabikirwo vaGiriki vekare akawedzera renyu; munyu nemadota, gypsum, ivhu chena, namafuta uye vanoondoroka nzungu, namaamanda nowakapwanyika mbeu fennel, chemindi thyme, nekinamoni nouchi. Zvokubikisa akashandiswa yekare Greek shanduro, zvino nomuedzo nguva: nhasi inoramba kuzvishandisa kubereka waini. Kunaka dzimwe nguva yake kuvimba navo zvakananga.

Waini muGirisi yekare, maererano zvidzidzo, ane mukuru zviri alcohols, shuga kugutsikana, mushoma tigutsikane. Somuenzaniso, kuti chinwiwa ikabereka kubva mazambiringa, asi pamwe yokuvirisa akabika mizambiringa muto kana uchi akawana chaizvo gobvu. Uye waini nemvura maberekero tsika unovapo kwete chete kubva chido kuderedza kwayo doro migumisiro, asi nekuda yakawandisa mumisasa chinonwiwa sezvo waini, vane nhoroondo anodzokera kare.

Skorusa dura uye netsika

Ndivo wedzimba akakurumbira kupfuura kare. Pano, yaive vanopfuura zviuru 300 amphorae, izvo zvaizivikanwa nokuda ipapo nokugaramo mwero waini, uye kwakanga vanenge 200 marudzi. VaGiriki vekare, kufanana vaRoma, vagara havo rima waini tsvuku. Aiwanzopiwa wokushanda zvinowanzoda kaviri pazuva (kanenge) kuti kudya uye mangwanani. Beverages chinonwiwa pamwe netsika. Pakutanga, vose vakanwa waini pasina pakubvisa navo, vachikudza mwari Dionysus, uye pashure vachiteura kuti madonhwe mashomanana pasi, sechiratidzo rokugadza naro anwe dzinodikamwa huMwari. Ipapo zvokudya craters - mundiro hazvina kunyanya guru, une pazvibato maviri. Izvi vazviziva yakavhenganiswa waini uye mvura inotonhorera kubva chisipiti (mu zvikuru siyana). Kunwa Akaperekedzwa kukurukura, uye vaenzi akateerera mumhanzi pamwe nhetembo, kunakidzwa chokupika vachitamba. Maererano nemitemo aivapo unofanira kunwa utano vose varipo, Vongai vamwari (kunze Dionysus), kuti zvichengete chisipo pamutambo. Dzimwe nguva yakaronga uye makwikwi: Ndianiko zvimwe zvinwiwa. We akanwa zvinwiwa shoma dzvuku mvura iri huru vamiririri akasimba pabonde. Uye vakadzi kazhinji kashoma vakabvuma kuti tafura.

nhoroondo Roman

Nyaya kubudirira waini akaramba muRoma yekare. Huru muzambiringa kugadzirwa uye kurimwa dzokubvisa kumwa nevaRoma, Chokwadi, akakweretwa kubva nevaGiriki. Mumazuva iwayo kunyanya wakawedzera vakawanda kugadzirwa, uye The Imperial nguva yatova ose enyika hwacho waini kwakapararira. Panguva iyi, vakawanda inoremekedzwa newaini Chios (kubva pachitsuwa Chios muGungwa reAegean) uye Falernian kubva kuItaly (Falerno).

mhizha Roman rave nani zvikuru Workflow distilleries, michina soaking / chinovira waini chezuva yambokurukurwa, zvakawanda anonoke shutter zvigadzirwa amphora muhari. Somuenzaniso, mune zvakanyorwa Horace ipapo kunyange panotaurwa-makore 60 zvinobata, muna Pliny Mukuru akataura pamusoro waini 2 emakore dzokuteerera. Nyore kutenda, nekuti zvose iyezvino waini simba (Sherry, Sauternes) kana vachibatwa makore 100 anogona chete kuvandudza. vaRoma akanwa waini flavoured uye akavashandisa mukubika.

waini Ancient kunze kwenyika

Mugore neyechiRoma kutengeserana doro zvokunwa yaiva ropafadzo Italy. Zvakanga zvisiri kusvikira chero mharidzo haibvumiri munhu risingaperi dziripo waini uye muzambiringa kurimwa. Italian ekisipoti hwapinda makona zvose zvenyika, richisvika kunyange Somuenzaniso, India, dzekuma Scandinavia, ari necheSalvic kundima. The vaCelt, nenzira, aigona kutengesa muranda imwe amphora rakanaka waini mumakore iwayo. Kumusoro vakanga dzinoongororwa muranda-varimi vanokwanisa kubereka nedoro, uye ivo mashoko ari varanda nani nezvimwe ounyanzvi hwokugadzira.

Wine (waini-kugadzira, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, yakasvika panguva zvaikosha zvikuru) vaparadzwa panguva iyoyo chaizvo yakawanda pa capita. Somuenzaniso, maererano nhoroondo data, muranda nomumwe akagamuchira daily milliliters dzinenge 600 zvakachipa uye nyore zvokunwa (kugadzirwa kubva bagasse). Kunwa munaShe pamwe nevamwe tsika, zvakange zvakafanana Greek yekare. Asi vachinwa waini kuRoma akabvumira vanhu chete vasina zvasvika makore 30.

Gallium nezvimwe

yemizambiringa kunze Italy vakatanga kubuda muGaul (6-7 remakore BC), asi, maererano vaongorori, mizambiringa kutanga wakasimwa ikoko kuvinga zvokudya. Asi nokukurumidza, muGaul (1st remakore) drink ari kuwana kwazvo navanopinda kukurumbira: vanotanga kubudisa akawanda. Kunotangwa winemaking uye kwete chete kubva Gauls. Pamwe chete vaitenga mhando kubva kuRoma, kunzvimbo dzakawanda European mugowana uye mazambiringa emusango. Somuenzaniso, muna mipata Danube uye Rhine, iyo Rhone, uye dzimwe nzvimbo. Muzana 5th remakore subtleties okuwana, imwe nzira kana imwe, vakadzidza munzvimbo zhinji Southern uye Central Europe.

Nehasha kutaura, pamuganhu kunharaunda winemaking uye kugadzirwa waini - the 49th mwero rwokumusoro Latitude mutsetse, conventionally vakatakura kubva mumuromo Loire (France) kuna North Caucasus uye ndima kuCrimea ano. nharaunda All vazhinji waini-kukura, izvo dziri kuchamhembe, vari kuwedzera ichi nharaunda emakore-kare kuitwa okunyatsoshanda pamusoro kusarudza. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti musi Crimean kweItari vachiri Antica colonists wokuGreece kurimwa pamuzambiringa, asi tsika yaro pashure akaparadza anenge zvachose nevaMuslim.

nhoroondo Persian

The nevaPezhiya anewo yayo nengano nezvekwakabva waini. Rimwe zuva mambo Jamshid, vakazorora pasi pomumvuri yetende, akataririra chokudzidzisa vanopfura dzavo, uta, nezvinhu ezvinhu pachena nechokure. Bird kumbonyanya guru rova muromo wenyoka. Jamshid pakarepo akarayira miseve kuuraya goroondo pakarepo. Mumwe kwepfuti akakwanisa kuuraya nyoka, kamwe mumusoro. Kana shiri vakapukunyuka pamuromo wenyoka, iye nendege mubati Persia uye akadonhedza mbeu mayo. Of navo uye awane mapazi nemiti kuti anopa zvakawanda michero uye michero. Jamshid zvikuru aida muto kubva michero izvi, asi kana kamwe akauya duku zvinobata muto, akatanga kushatirwa uye akarayira chinomwiwa kuvanza. Nokufamba kwenguva, uye mumwe murongo mambo akanaka akatanga kutambura kurwadziwa musoro, asi avo kuti dai rufu. Akawana vakaramba mugaba pamwe yakavira muto nokunwa zvose nzira pasi. Pakarepo muranda akawira chisinganzwi, asi haana kufa, asi uvete. A Muka, akava muranda zvakare, wakanaka, utano, vachifara mweya. On nhau iyi, uye achiporesa proznal Jamshid. Uye ipapo akasarudza kuita kuzivisa muto ichi anovava pamusoro chinonaka zvibereko mushonga.

The Ages rima

Munguva idzodzo dzekare, kupararira waini yakanga akwanise ne zvinoverengeka: nokusimbaradza nezvenzvimbo chiKristu uye tichishingaira kukura wekushandisa.

Uyezve, vafundisi kwete chete kukurudzira zvakazara kushandisa waini kuti tsika, asiwo kutanga unyanzvi, pave ayo vakawanda kugadzirwa uye kunwa. Uye nhasi vanokosheswa mhando rakagara richidudzirwa kubudiswa mu dzemamongi.

Uye nemhaka pave mugungwa nyika, apo waini rinobudiswa, aigona chigaro zvakakodzera dzaishandiswa Links nevavakidzani pedyo uye zvimwe makondinendi. Anoparadzirwa nekutevera imwe zvisizvo kuti waini akasvika Chinese uye Japanese vanhu ngarava idzi, asi chaizvoizvo, zvinwiwa izvi zvakavapo pamberi, chete kazhinji rarambidzwa vatongi.

Nezvokumutswa aina kukura muUK simbi kwokudiwa Sherry pamwe Madeira - British akatanga kunwa waini, semvura. KuMiddle Ages hapana akanzwa pamusoro tii, uye vakashumira panguva wadya iri waini. Nyika yave aizokundwa navo kare.

Basa Christianity

Kukura waini-rokuita akabatanidzwa guru basa kufarirwa European chechi yechiKristu, iyo vakakurudzira kugadzirwa kwewaini. KuMiddle Ages, viticulture achishingaira anotsigirwa zhinji zvirevo vechitendero. Zuva ose mumongi aifanira kunwa magiramu 300, asiwo kuwedzera urongwa uhwu hapana airangwa. First kushandiswa zvaAtemisi emiti namatanda akanga afunga kuti Gauls. Uye kukudziridza inozivikanwa michina: waini yakadururirwa mudende, ipapo yaichengeterwawo, uye maari chete uye zvifambiswe. European Michina kubva panguva iyoyo akatanga kuva pedyo ano hunhu okuwana.

Nhoroondo waini muRussia

Maererano zvitupa, zvinofungidzirwa kuti waini indasitiri mu Russia yakarongwa 1613-m. Zvadaro muna Astrakhan pamusoro wemamongi nhandare vari akasima mizambiringa yakabva kumwe yokutanga muzambiringa, nevaye vatengesi. Grapes chinopukunyuka zvakakwana. Zvegore, pamwe zvarayirwa chevaux Mikhail Romanov akaisa "pamunda wamambo chivanze."

Sezvineiwo, zviri ra1640 metres Astrakhan akakokwa vakawanikwa murimi Jacob Boatman mhuri. Akadzidzisa, Muumbi agobudisirwa hari pfungwa unyanzvi vomunharaunda winegrowers kukudziridza neboka uye pakuitika akavandudza kudiridza hurongwa pachinzvimbo Ichizoku akashandisa kudiridza kubudikidza mahwindimiri. Gore negore, muitiro okuwana vari kuvandudza, uye atova 1657-M kubva Astrakhan, ari batch mangé zvigadzirwa waini rokutanga akatumwa patafura yamambo.

Nenzira, pasinei nokuti mune dzimwe nzvimbo Russia distilleries yakaonekwa emakore akawanda (Dagestan ndima, nzvimbo nomurwizi rworwizi Don), mu Russia yava tsika nyasha Mead, doro naMashi. Industrial kugadzirwa chinonwiwa chete akatanga pasi Peter Mukuru - chamber airemekedza vatorwa ruzivo, nekuvasuma munyika. Uye ndaida kuva chokunwa akadai waini, kuti mugadziri aiva vayo.

Munguva Soviet, chikuru winegrowing mapurazi vakasikwa pamusoro munharaunda RSFSR. Uye muna 1928, yakanga yakagadzirwa akakurumbira muchiso "Champagne Soviet", rakabudiswa panguva mbesa Abrau-Durso (muna 1936 - mhiri Soviet Union).

History of Champagne

Paivawo zviitiko kuti kwakatanga mushure monyorora. Kuti udzidze nhoroondo waini, akadai Champagne waini uye zvakasiyana - chiedza uye ikapenya - zvakakwana "Washington" emakore matatu nehafu. Sezvinoratidzwa nezita racho, zvinoita sokuti muFrance, mukuru nzvimbo pagadzirwe ikapenya waini kuva Champagne - dunhu French. Absolutely tochoy zuva rekuzvarwa vesicular waini rakagara richidudzirwa nezvenzvimbo 1668 vakasuwa apo Godino, Abbe-chinyorwa Reims Cathedral, anotsanangura kereke mubhuku "kunwa nechiedza chitsvuku, anenge chena, mupfumi magasi." Pashure vaviri emakore nyika akamborara chaiyo tiguu ikapenya. Champagne muFrance ari uchibata mberi, izvo zvinoita kuti uvandudze kugadzirwa uye kuvandudza rwokugadzira.

Uye nenzira, ingangodaro kuti ikapenya akazviratidza netsaona. Winokur kare kwave anozivikanwa zvinoitwa nevamwe waini kuti yakaviriswa, tsime zvakare kutanga ichivira, uye midziyo vari akaumba magasi. ehupfumi izvi setsika achinzi divi mugumisiro waini, uye haana kupa izvozvo zvikuru kukosha. Mukupesana, kunyange vakafunga mugumisiro hazvina kunyanya yepamusoro basa distillers. Asi yechipiri yezana remakore rechi17, zvinhu zvakachinja. Uye waini anogadzirwa French abbeys, yava dzakakurumbira kwazvo. A unyanzvi uye akachenjera winemakers, akadai "Dom Perignon" uye "punchi", kumisa uye kuvandudza kugadzirwa michina kuti ikapenya waini.