Novgorod Assembly. History of Novgorod Republic

Novgorod Land kuMiddle Ages kwainzi rakakura muzinda wezvokutengeserana. Nokudaro zvaibvira kuenda dzokuMadokero nyika dzokuEurope uye kusvikira kuGungwa reBaltic. Zvayaiva nekaupenyu pedyo Volga Bulgaria, Vladimir kwavabati. Iye waitevedza Volga gang ichienda kunyika vaMuslim. Uyezve, mumwe mugwagwa "kubva VaViking kuvaGiriki." To chengarava riri murwizi. Volkhov chakasungirirwa zvikepe zvaibva mumaguta akasiyana uye nyika. Vatengesi ava kubva Sweden, Germany nedzimwe nyika. Muna Novgorod akaisa Gothic uye nematare German vezvokutengeserana. Kunze veko akadzinga ganda, uchi, neshinda furs, namo, walrus tusks. Kubva dzimwe nyika vakauya pano netini, mhangura, waini, zvishongo, jira, zvombo, zvihwitsi uye michero yakaomeswa.

sangano nharaunda

Novgorod nyika XII remakore, yaiva chikamu Kievan Rus. The dzidzo administrative kushandisa mari yako, akaita mitemo vanhu, kwete kufungisisa mitemo avata pasi dzimwe nzvimbo munyika, wakapindwa nehondo yake. The Grand Nemachinda pamusoro Kiev wakasimwa vanakomana Novgorod anodiwa zvikuru. Panguva iyoyowo, simba ravo riri shoma zvikuru. Veche muna Novgorod feudal zvokuvhoterwa ndiyo inonyanya rinodzora. Raiva kuungana vose varume vakawanda. Rakanga paKokorodzano ne kurira pamusoro mabhero.

Novgorod Republic: Chamber

Pamusangano kugadzirisa chinonyanya dzinokosha muupenyu paruzhinji. Ivo akabata akasiyana zvachose bhora. Wide zvakakwana nzvimbo enyika, izvo ane Chamber of Novgorod, aigona kupa shangu zvakawanda yakarongwa siyana ayo. Zvisinei, sezvo yaMakoronike anoratidza kuti musangano zvikuru anongoitika uye ruzha pane kumwe. sangano rake aiva maburi zhinji. Dzimwe nguva musangano paKokorodzano Rurik, Prince pamusoro Novgorod. Zvisinei, kakawanda kupfuura zvandakaita chero varemekedzwa muguta. Munguva hondo misangano yebato kuunganidzwa uye vanhu. Novgorod Assembly hakunganzi zvachose. Zvinonzi kuunganidzwa uye inoitwa chete kana yokushayiwa.

mamiriro

Novgorod Assembly kuunganidzwa kazhinji nenguva Yaroslav pachivanze. Kusarudzwa ishe kweguta akatora nzvimbo yaiungana pedyo St. Sophia Cathedral. Pamusoro Kuronga Novgorod veche haagoni kunzi mumiririri muviri, sezvo hazvina kubatanidzwa chero dzimwe nhengo dzeParamende. On nzvimbo vaigona kusvika wose vaiona pachake mugari, uye kuungana musangano. Kazhinji, zvakanzi wakapindwa nevanhu anomirira mukuru guta. Zvisinei, dzimwe nguva, paivawo vagari muduku namagariro - muPskov uye Ladoga. Kazhinji, prigorodskih akatuma navabati kutaura pamusoro ndima kupiwa. Chikamu kurongwa vashanyi pakati prigorozhan. Somuenzaniso, muna 1384 muna Novgorod vanhu vakauya Korely uye Smith. Vakanyunyuta kormlenschikov Patricius (muchinda Lithuanian). On nyaya iyi, isu paKokorodzano misangano miviri. Mumwe aiva muchinda, mumwe - nokuti prigorozhan. Muchiitiko chino, yaiva nyaya vanhu vakagumburwa guru changamire.

Mabasa Novgorod veche

Assembly ndiye anokonzera mitemo yose, nyaya nechinzwano wokumwe negwaro. Mugore Novgorod veche akabata dare kuti mhosva dzakasiyana-siyana. Panguva iyoyowo waakaudzwa kwazvo mirango nemhomho. Somuenzaniso, vaishungurudza vakatongerwa yezve upenyu kana hwavo pfuma achitorwa, uye ivo pachavo vakadzingwa mumusha macho. Citywide kanzuru anosarudza mitemo, akakoka vachikandira mutongi. Pamusangano vakasarudzwa uye akatongwa vanokudzwa. Vanhu vanosarudza mibvunzo hondo uye runyararo.

Details of kukwikwidza

Kana kodzero kuva nhengo Chamber uye sezvakarayirwa ayo ungano, zvinotisimbisa vasina zvakananga mashoko. Mabasa vechikamu aigona kuva zvose varume uye varombo nevapfumi, uye boyars, uye dema vanhu. Nepo zvinodiwa havana kuisa. Zvisinei, hazvisi pachena kana kodzero kuitawo pakugadzirisa nokukurumidza Hurumende nyaya chete nevagari Novgorod, uye izvi zvinoshanda akapoteredza vanhu. Kubva yakakurumbira makirasi, izvo zvinotaurwa gwaro, zviri pachena kuti nhengo dzeungano vaiva vatengesi, vanokudzwa, vanhuwo zvavo, nyanzvi dzokugadzira, uye vamwe. The Chamber hako raisanganisira posadniki. Izvi imhaka yokuti vaiva vanokudzwa uye kuvapo kwavo yakanga kuongwa. nhengo Assembly vaiva vanokudzwa Varidzi. Vari haana kuonekwa vamiririri guta. Boyar aigona kurarama mupurazi rake kumwe pamusoro Dvina, uye kubva ipapo kusvika Novgorod. Saizvozvowo, vatengesi vakaumba boka haisi nzvimbo dzokugara, uye basa. Panguva iyoyo vaikwanisa kuva munharaunda yakakura uye mumisha yakapoteredza, asi panguva imwe chete inonzi Novgorod. Zhitye vanhu pokuita musangano sevamiririri zvose. Kana vatema vanhu, ivo aidawo kuva nhengo Chamber. Zvisinei, hapana chinoratidza kuti vakatora chikamu mairi.

ratification

Mumazuva ekare vakanga akanyorwa zita ichishanda panguva imwe pfungwa iri muchinda. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvakachinja pashure kuzivikanwa Supreme ndiro rine chokwadi mutongi mukuru. Kubvira ipapo, zita muchinda ari ratification haana kuisa. Zvakanyorwa nokuda vatema uye zhityh vanhu, vanokudzwa, tysyachskogo, boyars navose vagere. Zvisimbiso vaiva leaden, uye dzakanga dzakabatanidzwa charters snurkami.

private kuunganidza

Vakanga rwaiitwa pasina neboka guru Chamber of Novgorod. Uyezve, mumwe mugumo waiva kuungana misangano yavo. Vaiva kuverenga kwavo uye kunyora, kudhinda. Kana muine nyonganyonga kumigumo vakanga kunyengetedzana mumwe nomumwe. Itsvo Chamber uye muPskov. Bell, sheedzera musangano, akarembera peshongwe pedyo St. Trinity.

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba

Munguva zvemitemo basa, kunze vanhu dzinobatanidzwa uye muchinda. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi masimba zviremera zvakaoma tara mutsetse wakajeka pakati chaiko uye pamutemo ukama. Under ano zvibvumirano, muchinda kugona kubuda hondo pasina mvumo musangano. Kunyange zvazvo kudzivirira nechitarisiko nemiganhu achawira mukati yayo utongi. Pasina meya haana kubvumirwa kupa mari zvepamusoro, zvokudya uye yeko. In tsika, muunganidzwa ichi akatakurwa kunze mvumo remutungamiriri. Uyewo, musatora "hapana-mhosva" nzvimbo. Mhosva munhu muchinda aiva kuzivisa pamusangano. It, akavapindurawo, anoitisa nechirango dare. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, Chamber uye gavhuna vakachinja mabasa. Somuenzaniso, kuti dziite aigona kukwezva pasingadiwi Regional Court kormlenschikov. Muchinda akanga asina kodzero kuti ape zvitupa pasina mvumo yemuridzi varemekedzwa.

Kusiyana pakati vanhu

Pacharo, iro Novgorod veche kugona kufunga chero hurukuro zvakakodzera chero dambudziko, kana zvakakodzera nokuvhota. The Kugadzirisa chero nyaya kuitwa "ne nzeve" musimba yokuchemera. Veche rinowanzoshandiswa akakamurwa bato. Panyaya iyi yokupedza dambudziko rakanga raitwa nokushandiswa mhirizhonga, pashure kurwa. The divi kuti akunda, uye yainzi vazhinji. Gungano akaita somunhu mhando dare waMwari, uyewo uchisiya pazambuko akashora matongero akanga vestigial chimiro mvura bvunzo. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, guta rose rikakamurwa pakati anorwisana mapati. Zvadaro, misangano miviri kwakaitika panguva imwe chete. Mumwe anosangana muna Trade of (zvatinosiita nzvimbo), uye mumwe - munharaunda Sofia. Asi misangano iyi vakanga internecine mupanduki kuungana, asi kwete zvakajairika vechami. More pane kamwe zvakaitika kuti misangano maviri akananga mumwe. Ibva pane Volkhov zambuko, vanhu vava kutanga kuuraya. Dzimwe nguva vafundisi vakaramba vachifambirana kuti zviparadzanise vanhu, uye dzimwe nguva kwete. Zvichireva hombe zambuko sechapupu dzomumaguta achisangana kwakaguma papera muchimiro enhetembo. Mune dzimwe yaMakoronike dzekare uye chinyorwa mutorwa Baron Herberstein, uyo akashanyira pakutanga ari XVI remakore. MuRussia, pane ngano pamusoro kwemotokari dzakadaro. Kunyanya, nyaya mueni wokumwe, kana panguva St. Vladimir pamusoro Novgorod dumped muna Volkhov chifananidzo Perun, mwari akatsamwa, kusvika pamhenderekedzo, akakanda tsvimbo kwaari, achiti: ". Ndicho ndangariro uchida kubva kwandiri, Novgorod" Sezvo vanhu panguva yakatarwa kuenda pamusoro zambuko uye vanotanga kurwa.

Martha-Gavhuna mudzimai

mukadzi uyu ane scandalous mukurumbira munhau. Aiva mudzimai Isaaka Boretskogo, Novgorod meya. Information pamusoro kutanga kwekupwanyiwa upenyu hwayo iri zvakakwana diki. Sources zvinoratidza kuti Marita aibva mumhuri boyar Loshinskih kaviri uye akanga akaroora. Isaac Boretsky aiva murume wake wechipiri, uye vokutanga vakanga vafa. Womubati Wife Martha vaisagona kuva pamutemo. zita remadunhurirwa rokuti ichi iye akagamuchira kubva Muscovites. Saka vakashora zvakasiyana paumbwe Novgorod Republic.

basa Boretskaya

Martha-Gavhuna mudzimai aiva chirikadzi guru womunda vane Holdings vakatama vakananga kwaari. Uyezve, zvave munzvimbo dzakawanda zvikuru achitevedza mahombekombe yeGungwa Frozen uye rwizi. Dvina. Kokutanga muupenyu enyika, akatanga ndiitewo 1470th gore. Zvadaro, muna Novgorod veche akabata musarudzo kuti Archbishop itsva. Kwapera gore, iye nomwanakomana wake vakanga vachida kuzvimiririra kubva Moscow. Marita akavashandira sezvo zvisina mutungamiriri ari Boyar nokushorwa. Support aigovera mamwe maviri vanokudzwa chirikadzi Euphemia uye Anastasia. Martha aiva chinokosha dzibvise mari. Iye akatungamirira muchivande akurukure Casimir IV, mambo Poland. Chinangwa chacho chaiva Novgorod kuti accession kuna Grand Duchy pamusoro Lithuania ari zvionera kodzero mukusachengetedza rusununguko enyika.

Ivan III simba

Hurukuro Casimir akadzidza Grand Muchinda Moscow. Muna 1471, gore kwakaitika Shelonskoy pakurwa. It mauto Ivan III raMwari hwaparadza hondo Novgorod. Boretskaya Dmitry mwanakomana akaurayiwa. Pasinei kukunda muhondo, Ivan ave rakaramba kodzero kuzvitonga muna Novgorod. Boretsky, akavapindurawo, akaramba akurukure Casimir pashure mwanakomana wake afa. Somugumisiro, kupesana kwakatanga pakati Lithuania uye Moscow. The 1478th Ivan III anotora mutsva kurwisa Novgorod. Last unodzingwa kubva nehanya. Kuparadzwa Novgorod veche bhero Akaperekedzwa nokubviswa, kutorerwa nyika Boretskaya, mutongo vamiririri makirasi simba.

mhedziso

Novgorod Assembly aiva enyika inokosha muupenyu hwevanhu. Izvi zvakanga chinokosha rinodzora iri mutariri inosanganisira nyaya zvose zvoupenyu. Assembly kuzotonga uye rinotema, navabati vakokwa, dzingai navo. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vose varume munyaya remakurukota, zvisinei chavanopinda kune imwe kirasi. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti musangano mumwe okutanga siyana hweruzhinji, pasinei ose chaizvo yose sarudzo. Chamber kuratidzwa kuda vanhu kwete chete Novgorod, asiwo rakapoteredza. simba rake rakanga pamusoro mutongi. Uyezve, yokupedzisira zvevamwe zvaitsamira Mutongo musangano. chimiro ichi yokuzviratidza dzaishandiswa Novgorod nyika nemamwe kumatunhu Russia. Zvisinei, pamwe kuparadzirwa autocratic simba Ivan III, zvakanga yakaguma. nyika Novgorod pachayo vakava pasi Moscow.