Cai Lun. Nhoroondo panowanikwa bepa

Kwemazana emakore Chinese vakatenda zvose zvipenyu chinotevera navo fuza vavakidzani. Vanoita kudzivirirwa kubva kunze kwenyika, uye akapotsa haana kupinda nevanhu vanobva kunze. Kwenguva refu, voga Chinese vanyori uye vadetembi vakakwanisa kusika rakasiyana tsika, vavambi uye masayendisiti sezvo havasi lagging shure.

Mwero kukura China munguva dzekare

Mumazuva iwayo, kana nyika akatonga kare, Chinese vakashandisa upfu uye akanyora papepa. Nhoroondo panowanikwa bepa iri refu zvikuru uye zvinofadza zvikuru. Chokutanga, Chinese vaishandisa kamba anoshongwa kunyora mabhii. Ivo zvichiripo uye vari yomusi II chemakore BC. Vari ipapo yaifamba pamusoro nemipumburu nesirika, mutete micheka yakatsemurwa yemishenjere nevhu Mahwendefa kuti kunyora.

At pakutanga II remakore AD paitonga vokuChina Han hwedzinza anoremekedzwa vakaderera kutanga mapepa. Maererano netsika iyoyo, pepanhau rakagadzirwa nesirika. Zvisinei cai Lun akaenda nenzira,, achiwedzera dota hemp. Izvi zvinhu ane simba zvikuru, nemhaka yaro nokuomesa nezuva uye rimire namabwe. Nokuti kuvamba ichi cai Lun akagamuchira kubva Emperor chepamusoro uye akatora rinokosha nzvimbo mune vokuChina.

Kana isu funga muudzame kugadzirwa bepa michina, yakaitwa Lun, tinogona kuona kuti akanga asarudza kuisa kubva zvidimbu zviduku esiriki pamusoro afoot, ayo zvino zvakanyatsobatana uye akakanyiwa nemvura. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, sirika fibers aiva pasi uye vakaputsa nenyundo, achiwedzera vakasvimha mvura. Izvi akaita yokupedzisira zvinhu pfava uye gobvu zvokuti kunyora. The ingi pamusoro bepa nokukurumidza saka vakadzima, uye mabhuku pachavo uye yaMakoronike akatendeukira kuguruva. Pfungwa iyi ndiyo hwaro kugadzirwa pabepa mumazuva edu.

Chimwe chakanakira cai Lun ndizvo akasvika aine nzira kuumba pepa kuti fibers siyana. Pashure pakatanga yakadaro musimboti yakawanda tsvina residues kwete vashoma. Mukuwedzera, pepa cai Lun haana nani chete, asiwo isingadhuri kubereka, zvakanga zvakakosha zvose ikozvino uye mumazuva iwayo.

muvambi of bepa

Unhu muvambi ichi chikuru inyaya zvikuru. Cai Lun akaberekwa ramakumi mashanu panguva yedu. About achiri muduku hapana haizivikanwi. Munhu uyu ari kutaurwa chete muna 65 BC: sezvo gumi majaya, cai Lun akatanga kushanda Imperial Palace. Nokuti nesimba basa, kubishaira uye basa, akakwira manera neimwe nguva mambo, akanga ashumira, uye pakanga kwekuva shanu. vatongi vose vakaona kunoshamisa netarenda murume uyu, uye kuparadzira runyerekupe sezvo rakasiyana nemamwe nyanzvi. Pavanenge vachikura cai Lun akavimba mukuru wavarindi zvombo. Zvaiva imomo kuti akatanga akaratidzawo Funga zvimwe zvokugadzira chido, kuumba munhu zvombo zvitsva shoma uye kunatsiridza munazvo.

Paper kunze China

Asi nhoroondo panowanikwa bepa asingadi kugumira ipapo. Pfungwa Optimization dzose. Kunyanya Chinese kushingaira akaona kuti avo akavanzika haana kuwana mumaoko zvimwe State. Asi vachiri pakati VII remakore, papermaking chakavanzika pakuzivikanwa kunze China. Vakatanga kushandisa kuJapan uye India. Zvadaro, muna IX remakore Chinese bepa akawira mumaoko navaArabhu, uye ipapo akatamira kuEurope.

gadzira kuvandudza

MuEurope, bepa kurimwa zvemichina kwave kuchiita kuchinja. tsika yakati itevedzerwe Panyaya iyi yaiva Netherlands nokuda kwayo yakakwirira kugadzirwa kugona uye chinokosha mwero zvoupfumi. Muzana XVII remakore yeDutch vakakwanisa kuvandudza pamatanho ose acho, nemhaka yebhuku siyana michina zvakagadzirwa. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga ari XII remakore, bepa kugadzirwa akatanga muFrance uye Italy.

Paper muRussia

Pakutanga XVII remakore mabikirwo bepa kurimwa yasvika uye Russia. Mumakore 30 XVII remakore, chigayo kuti pagadzirwe mapepa yokutanga dzateyiwa. Nechekare panguva Peter I muzvinhu of Moscow uye St. Petersburg, yakavambwa zvigayo akawanda uye mafekitari makuru. Nokuti Russian Empire vasingagoni kupa pamwe yepamusoro mapepa pachavo nguva refu, ndaifanira kutenga kubva Holland. Zvisinei, sezvo vane maindasitiri kuchinja Peter I, nyika yedu yave kukwanisa kumisa pepa indasitiri.

Kugadzirwa cai Lun akabvumira vanhu kuti vasvike kuvandudza kukura. Paper kuti anogona kuva yose kwemakore akawanda, yekudyidzana akabatsira kukura mabhuku uye nhoroondo. zvinhu zvizhinji pamusoro China, mararamiro uye tsika vanhu iyoyo, tingadai takaziva pasina kuvamba ichi. Pepa racho kuudzwa kune nekutambira marudzi pfungwa huru Chinese nevafungi akadai Lao Tzu, Confucius, Chuang Tzu nevamwe. Pasina izvozvo, zvose basa vakachenjera zvichanyangarika vari maelstrom hondo, kana achifuridzirwa nguva.