Hondo America pamwe Vietnam: zvikonzero. Vietnam War munhoroondo pamwe United States, makore, uyo akakunda

Zvikonzero nemhaka iyo hondo America uye Vietnam, yose pasi pavanotaurirana pakati maviri ezvematongerwo enyika. Munyika Asian airwisana mukomiyunisiti uye Western democratic dzidziso. kunetsana uku kwaiva chiitiko zvikuru pose nokurwisana - Hondo Yemashoko.

prerequisites

In yokutanga yezana XX remakore Vietnam, kufanana nedzimwe nyika kuSoutheast Asia, zvakanga muhutongi France. murayiro uyu hwakavhiringidzwa neHondo Yenyika II. Vietnam okutanga inogarwa Japan, ipapo paiva vatsigiri echiKomonisiti, akataura pamusoro imperialist French zviremera. Vatsigiri izvi cherusununguko vakatsigirwa simba kubva China. Ikoko, vachangobva Second World War, poutongi rakavambwa zvakajeka.

Kusiya South-East Asia, yeFrance vanoziva Mvumo hurumende yeSouth Vietnam. North munyika yakanga pasi yechiKomonisiti kuzvidzora. Muna 1957, imwe womukati nokurwisana vakatanga pakati modes maviri. Yakanga isati hondo America pamwe Vietnam, asi yakanga panguva iyoyo United States kokutanga akapindira ezvinhu mudunhu.

Yakanga panguva kukwirira kwayo kwaiva War Cold. Ko White House ose ehondo vaishora pokugadzwa mumwe nehurumende rechiKomonisiti munyika dzose dzenyika, kana rinotsigirwa nezvinoitwa Soviet Union kana China. Under President Eisenhower, vokuAmerica pachena kurutivi yeSouth Vietnamese Prime Minister Ngo Dinh Diem, kunyange ivo havasati kushandiswa hondo yako.

tinosvika yehondo

Mutungamiri Vietnamese vaKomonisiti akanga Ho Chi Minh. Akaronga NLF - National Liberation Front kuti South Vietnam. KuMadokero, sangano iri rava kuzivikanwa sezvo Viet Cộng. Vatsigiri Ho Shi Mina dzakarwiwa kubudirira remagandanga hondo. Vakaronga kuti kurwiswa uye vakanga vachimunetsa hondo hurumende. Mukupera 1961, vokuAmerica vakapinda mauto vokutanga Vietnam. anokwana zviyero izvi, zvisinei, akanga duku. Pakutanga, Washington akasarudza kupedza kutumirwa kuna Saigon vemauto varairiri uye unyanzvi.

Zvishoma nezvishoma, zvinhu akarwarisa Diem. In ezvinhu aya, hondo pakati America uye Vietnam akatonyanya uye kunotoitika zvikuru. Muna 1953, Diem rakakundwa uye vakaurayiwa uto South vokuVietnam nevapanduki. In Zvakazoitwa mwedzi, zviremera Saigon randomly zvakachinja kakawanda. Vapanduki akashandisa muvengi wacho simba uye akatora kudzora zvose munzvimbo itsva munyika.

Yokutanga musazonetsanazve

Muna August 1964, Vietnam hondo America wava murayiro unokosha pedyo pashure kurwa muGulf of Tonkin, izvo atarisana American ushori nemuparadzi "Maddox" uye Avangard zvikepe NLF. Achipindura chiitiko ichi, kuti US Congress akaita mvumo President Lyndon B. Johnson kutanga renguva pamwero kushanda mu South-East Asia.

Musoro wehurumende kwenguva yakati akatamba rugare kosi. Akaita izvi pamusoro avaida sarudzo 1964. Johnson akahwina danidziro nemhaka zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe inofambiswa pfungwa vanoda rugare "rukodzi" Barri Golduotera. Kusvika panguva White House, wezvematongerwe enyika akachinja pfungwa dzake uye akatanga kugadzirira oparesheni.

Vietcong munguva iyi yakatora zvose zvitsva Kumaruwa. Vakatosvika vakatanga kurwisa US huru kumaodzanyemba kwenyika yacho. Nhamba US mauto akanga 23 zviuru vanhu pamusoro avaida izere nekutumirwa kwemauto wamapoka. Johnson pakupedzisira akasarudza kupinda Vietnam mushure kurwisa Vietcong American chawo muna Pleiku.

nekutumirwa kwemauto wamapoka

Musi, apo hondo pamwe Vietnam, America runoonekwa March 2, 1965. On nhasi, kuti US Air Force akatanga kushanda "Rolling Vokutinhira" - dzose kubhomba kuNorth Vietnam. Mazuva pashure mashomanana kumaodzanyemba kwenyika yava yagara US Marines. Chitarisiko chake chakanga kwakonzerwa aifanira kudzivirira sokuronga kukosha Banga Danang.

Zvino yakanga isingori hondo yevagari vokuVietnam, uye US kurwa Vietnam. Makore danidziro (1965-1973) vanoonekwa kuti nguva makakatanwa mukuru mudunhu. Mukati 8 mwedzi kutanga nechisimba Vietnam aisangozivikanwa zviuru 180 US zvechiuto. At kukwirira pavanotaurirana, nhamba iyi yakawedzera katatu.

Muna August 1965 paiva hondo yokutanga huru Vietcong pamwe US pasi mauto. Yaiva kuvhiyiwa "Starlight". The kunetsana kwakamuka. A yakafanana kuitika mberi mumatsutso chete, kana nyika yose yakanga kuparadzira mashoko Hondo Ia Drang.

"Tsvaka uye Paradzai"

Mana makore kupindira rokutanga kusvikira pakupera 1969, US mauto aidzidza pamwero mukuru tsamwisa muSouth Vietnam. Nzira the US Army haambosiyi nheyo "tsvakai uye kuparadza", mune-mukuru William Westmoreland. nzira American akaparadzanisa nharaunda South Vietnam zvikamu zvina, izvo akataura zvivakwa.

Mune wokutanga kumatunhu aya, chiri rakatevera zvakananga nefuma vaKomonisiti, aiita Marines. Hondo pakati America uye Vietnam, ipapo akanga akatakurwa kunze sezvinotevera. US Army midzi enclaves matatu (Phu Bai, Da Nang uye muwadhiropu), akabva kuchenesa akapoteredza munzvimbo. oparesheni iyi akatora rose 1966. Over nguva vachirwa yakawanda kuoma pano. Pakutanga, vokuAmerica akaramba NLF mauto. Asi zvino munharaunda North Vietnam ivo akamirirwa hondo chikuru ehurumende.

A guru nomusoro kuti vanhu vokuAmerica raiva kunzvimbo isingabvumirwi mauto (demilitarized mapazi). Kubudikidza naye, kuti Viet Cộng akakandwa rwezasi nyika vakawanda vanhu uye nemotokari. Nokuda kweizvi, Marine Corps aifanira, kune rumwe rutivi, chokubatanidza enclaves dzavo pamahombekombe, uye pane dzimwe - yaizogara muvengi munharaunda kunzvimbo isingabvumirwi mauto. Muzhizha ra1966, "Operation Hastings" kwakaitika demilitarized mapazi. Chinangwa chacho chaiva kugumisa kuchinjwa ari NLF mauto. Mune ramangwana, iyo Marine Corps zvizere nezvezvandaifanira kunzvimbo isingabvumirwi mauto, mugoisiira Coast vachengetwe mauto matsva American. The contingent ichiwedzerwa pasina kumbomira. Muna 1967, kuSouth Vietnam yakaumbwa yechi23 Infantry Division yeUnited States, kusingachakosheswi yokukanganwa pashure pokukundwa Third Reich mu Europe.

Hondo mumakomo

Tactical Zone II Corps bata munzvimbo gomo yakabatana nomuganhu Laos. Nomunharaunda yacho Vietcong kupinda mubani riri pedyo negungwa. Muna 1965 Annamskih makomo vakatanga kushanda 1st vamabhiza Division. Munzvimbo Ya-Drang Valley, akarega kurwisa North Vietnamese hondo.

Pakapera 1966 mumakomo vakauya 4th Infantry Division, United States (1st vamabhiza vakatamira Bindan mupurovhinzi). Vakanga achibatsirwa South Korean mauto, uyo akasvika muna Vietnam. The hondo pamwe United States, mhaka unova unhinhi kunyika dzokuMadokero kushivirira pakuwedzera komiyunizimu kukanganiswa kwavo Asian vakabatana. South Korea shure muna 1950 ruzivo yayo reropa kunetsana ne North Korea uye vanhu vayo nani kupfuura vamwe kunzwisisa kukosha kusawirirana akadaro.

Mugumo vaimbopota muna II Corps aiva hondo Dactyl muna November 1967. Vanhu vokuAmerica akakwanisa inorema nezvinhu kuvhiringidza Viet Cộng inogumbura. Mukuru akarova vakafunga 173rd kuenda neherikoputa Brigade.

remagandanga zviito

kuramba tichishanda hondo America pamwe Vietnam mumakore vasingagoni kumira nokuda emagandanga. Ndakawedzera Vietcong Mauto vakarwisa yomuvengi kwezvivako uye nyore zvakavigwa rainforest. The chikuru basa vokuAmerica vari pakurwisana guerrillas chaiva kudzivirira muvengi Saigon. In mapurovhinzi yakabatana guta mapazi III casing rakaumbwa.

Kuwedzera South Korea, US vatsigiri yokuVietnam vaiva vokuAustralia. Mauto anobva munyika Fuoktuy province. Pano riri chikuru mugwagwa nhamba 13 unotanga mu Saigon, uye inoguma pamuganhu pamwe muCambodia.

Mune ramangwana, muna South Vietnam akapfuura dzakawanda zvikuru akavhiyiwa: "Attleborough," "Junction City" uye "Cedar Falls". Zvisinei, remagandanga hondo mberi. nharaunda yayo huru yaiva Delta of Mekong River. nzvimbo iyi izere marshes, masango uye nemigero. A maitiro kuchiitwa kunyange apo kurwa akaramba yakakwirira kwevanhu arambe achirema. Nokuda zvose ezvinhu aya kwenguva yakareba uye zvinobudirira nguva remagandanga hondo. US uye Vietnam, mune pfupi, akatambura refu zvikuru kupfuura pakutanga taitarisira mu Washington.

Christmas tsamwisa

Pakutanga 1968 North Vietnamese akatanga kukombwa the American Marine Corps chawo Kheshan. Saka vakatanga Tet Kurwisa. It vakagamuchira zita rayo kubva yomunharaunda gore idzva. Kazhinji Tet panova makakatanwa kunoderedza. nguva ino yakanga yakasiyana - kurwisa kupararira yose Vietnam. The hondo pamwe United States, mhosva yaiva intransigence zvematongerwo maviri enyika, asingagoni kupedzwa chero vaviri vangadai vasina apedza pfuma yavo. Zvaakanga akatanga hombe-pamwero kurwisa muvengi wacho nzvimbo, Vietcong vakaisa akapotsa nemasimba ose iripo.

Vakarwiswa maguta akawanda, kusanganisira Saigon. Zvisinei, vaKomonisiti vaigona kutora chete Hue - mumwe yekare misoro yacho. On dzimwe nzvimbo kurwisa vakanga vakabudirira unonyangadzwa. By March, kurwisa petered kunze. It haana kubudirira kwayo chikuru Chinangwa: kupidigura hurumende yeSouth Vietnam. Uyezve, vokuAmerica recaptured Hue. Kurwa kwakanga mumwe vanotyisa hondo. Zvisinei, Vietnam uye United States, akaramba ropa. Kunyange zvazvo ivo chaizvoizvo vakundikana, rwave chinokosha zvainoita morale vokuAmerica.

Munyaya US, hombe-pamwero kurwisa vaKomonisiti akaonekwa chinetso of US Army. A rinokosha kuumba voruzhinji kuridza vezvenhau. Zvizhinji nzeve vairipira Hondo Khe Snh. Newspapers vakatsoropodza hurumende makuru mari uri benzi hondo.

Zvichakadaro, muchirimo 1968 nayo akatanga counteroffensive vokuAmerica uye vakabatana navo. Nokuti anobudirira kupera remapazi nemauto takakumbira Washington kutumira masoja vanopfuura zviuru 200 kusvika Vietnam. President Lindon Dzhonson haana kuda kutora danho rakadaro. Anti-militarist pfungwa muUnited States akatonyanya chakakomba chakaita mudzimba zvematongerwo enyika. Somugumisiro, Vietnam wabuda zvishoma chisimbiso, uye mukupera Marta Dzhonson akazivisa kugumiswa Mabhomba kuchamhembe kwenyika yacho.

Vietnamisation

Zvisinei refu kana akanga hondo pamwe Vietnam, musi kushaya US mauto zvisingadzoreki kusvika America. Pakupera 1968 akakunda vemutungamiri sarudzo Richard Nikson. Iye tisimudzire antiwar masirogani uye akataura chido kugumisa ane "runyararo unokudzwa". Against ichi nechekumashure, vatsigiri vaKomonisiti yokuVietnam akava wokutanga kurwisa US zvigadziko uye zvepamusoro kuti rikurumidze kushaya US mauto kubva nyika yavo.

Muna 1969, ivo Nixon Administration akagadzira musimboti Vietnamisation itsika. Rwakatsiviwa dzidziso "tsvakai uye kuparadza". Zvairehwa chaiva chokwadi kuti asati asiya nyika, vokuAmerica vaifanira unzi kudzora kwavo hurumende zvinzvimbo Saigon. Matanho nenhungamiro ichi dzakatanga pamusoro pakanyorwa Second Tet Kurwisa. Rakavaputira yose South Vietnam kamwe zvakare.

Nhoroondo hondo pamwe United States angave akasiyana kana vaKomonisiti haana kurera nezvigadziko zviri pedyo Cambodia. Munyika ino, uyewo Vietnam, vakapfuura veHurumende nebope pakati vatsigiri maviri anoshorana zvematongerwo enyika ake. Muchirimo 1970 simba nevapanduki kuCambodia akabata mukuru Lon Nol kunowisira King Norodom Sihanouk. Hurumende itsva rakachinja mafungiro aro yeutongi vapanduki uye vakatanga kuparadza utiziro hwavo mumasango. Kufara pamwe kurwisa iri rwemberi Vietcong North Vietnam yakarwisa Cambodia. Lon Nola kubatsira nyika uyewo akakurumidza vokuAmerica uye vakabatana navo. Zviitiko izvi akatizve huni moto Anti-hondo ruzhinji chirongwa muna States pachavo. Mwedzi miviri gare gare, pasi kufurirwa nevari nevanhu Nixon akarayira mauto kuti mubve muCambodia.

The wokupedzisira hondo

Kurwisana zhinji kweHondo Yemashoko yakaguma pakatangwa kwakanga rechiKomonisiti hwoudzvinyiriri munyika rechitatu. Yakanga asingasiyi, uye hondo pamwe Vietnam America. Ndiani akakunda mushandirapamwe uyu? Vietcong. Pakazopera hondo yacho morale ravarwi American hwakadzikira zvinoshamisa. Mauto kuparadzira kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka. Pakazosvika 1971, vekuAmerica vakarega yavo pamwero mukuru akavhiyiwa uye vakatanga zvishoma nezvishoma dzinobvisa muchiuto.

Maererano nomutemo Vietnamisation mutoro zviri kuitika munyika akazviwisira pamapfudzi hurumende iri Saigon - muna February 1971 South vokuVietnam mauto vatanga "Operation Lam Shon 719". Chinangwa chacho chaiva kudzvinyirira kuchinjwa ravarwi uye zvombo remagandanga vavengi, "Ho Shi Mina Trail". Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti American kuriita akapotsa haana kutora.

Muna March 1972, North masimba Vietnamese yakatanga chikuru kunogumbura Paseka itsva. Panguva ino, uto 125,000th akabatsira mazana Matangi - zvombo kuti vane NLF haana pamberi. VokuAmerica havana kubatanidzwa munyika hondo, asi akabatsira South Vietnam kubva mumhepo. Zviri tichitenda rutsigiro ichi, vaKomonisiti vakakwanisa kurega yakakuwandira. Saka nguva nenguva ndaisagona kumisa US kurwa Vietnam. Zvisinei, hweHIV pacifist pfungwa muUnited States, akaramba.

Muna 1972, vamiririri North Vietnam uye United States akatanga hurukuro muParis. Mativi rinenge akabvuma. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira nguva akapindira President thiệu of South Vietnam. Akanyengetedza vokuAmerica kuisa anokumhan'arira zvisingagamuchirwi ezvinhu. Somugumisiro, hurukuro akaputsa.

hondo Chirongwa

Wokupedzisira US akavhiyiwa yokuVietnam aiva akatevedzana makapeti kubhomba pamusoro North Vietnam pamugumo December 1972. Iye pakuzivikanwa se "Linebacker". Uyewo akaomerera zita "Krisimasi kubhomba" hwokushanda. Vaiva kupfuura muhondo yose.

The oparesheni hwakatanga zvakananga Zvinorayirwa Nixon. Mutungamiri aida kuva hondo inogona kupedzwa nokukurumidza uye pakupedzisira akasarudza vomanikidza vaKomonisiti. The kubhomba akamutsa Hanoi uye mamwe maguta zvinokosha kuchamhembe kwenyika yacho. Kana vapedza ari Vietnam War pamwe United States, zvakava pachena kuti ndiro "Linebacker" akamanikidzira mapato uchitevedzera gwanza riri rokupedzisira Nhaurirano.

The US Army zvachose akasiya Vietnam zvinoenderana Paris Peace Agreement, akasaina January 27, 1973. Pakazosvika zuva nyika yakanga ichiri anenge mamiriyoni 24 vokuAmerica. The kushaya yakapera musi 29 March.

Rugare chibvumirano kwakarevawo mavambo chibvumirano pakati penhindi zviviri Vietnam. Kutaura zvazviri, hazvina kuitika. Pasina American South Vietnam akaratidza kuzvidzivirira pamusoro vaKomonisiti uye vakarasikirwa hondo, asi pakutanga 1973 kunyange aiva kusanganiswa ukuru nesimba rehondo. Nokufamba kwenguva, United States akarega kupa rubatsiro nemari Saigon. Muna April 1975, vaKomonisiti pakupedzisira akasimbisa simba rayo pamusoro nharaunda yose Vietnam. kwakaguma Saka refu kunetsana munyika Asian.

Zvimwe United States uye aizokundwa muvengi, asi ayo muchinangwa United States akabatanidzwa pfungwa paruzhinji kuti haadi hondo America pamwe Vietnam (akapfupikisa migumisiro hondo ane makore akawanda). Zvakaitika rutsigiro kuti akasiya chinokosha mucherechedzo akakurumbira tsika rechipiri hafu XX remakore. Munguva yehondo vakauraya 58,000 US mauto.