Ozone (mushonga chaikosha) ehupfumi fomura nan'anuro

Zvinokosha chaizvo vanhu vose ehupfumi ane gasi akadai ozone. Chaikosha, icho chakaumbwa, - ichi okisijeni O. Chokwadi, ozone O ₃ - imwe allotropic okunatsiridza oxygenation zvinosanganisira vezvikwata matatu formular (O ÷ O ÷ G). A wokutanga uye anozivikanwa remubatanidzwa - pachayo okisijeni gasi chaizvo zvokuti chakaumbwa nemaatomu zviviri (D = O) - O _2.

Allotropy - mano makemikari Kufananidzira chokuumba nhamba dzakasiyana zvivako zviri nyore yeimwe. Ndinotenda vanhu uye aongororwe kushandisa zvinhu zvakadai nedhaimani uye graphite, monoclinic uye orthorhombic nesarufa, okisijeni, uye ozone. Chaikosha ane unyanzvi hwakadaro kwete chete okunatsiridza maviri chete, zvimwe vavo.

History yakawanikwa yeimwe

Rokuti chairema zhinji Organic uye inorganic zvinhu, kusanganisira akadai ozone - makemikari Kufananidzira ane chiratidzo O - Kwezvokudya Nemiti, muchiGiriki «oxys» - yakashapa, uye «gignomai» - kuti asununguke.

Kokutanga mutsva allotropic nadzurudzo reokisijeni panguva kuedza pamwe magetsi discharges zvakawanikwa muna 1785 ari Dutchman Martijn motokari Maroun, pfungwa dzake ndokukweverwazve kwakanaka. Kwapera A remakore wokuFrance Christian Friedrich Schönbein akaona pamberi chete pashure dutu, apo gasi ainzi "hwema". Asi mamwe masayendisiti vanonyengerwa, muchitenda kuti avo kunhuhwidza zvemiti inonhuhwirira amene ozone. Kwakanaka kuti vainzwa aiva Organic yeimwe oxidized nokuda kuita pamwe O _3, sezvo gasi iri reactive chaizvo.

Electronic mamiriro

Chete chikwata Chimiro vari O2 uye O3 - makemikari maatomu akafanana. Ozone ane zvakawanda kunzwisisa chivakwa. The okisijeni ichiri nyore - maatomu maviri okisijeni vakabatana miviri chisungo uye zvinosanganisira ϭ- π-chikamu, zvichienderana valency yacho chinhu. ₃ About ane resonant hurongwa dzakawanda. Multiple chisungo unobva maviri okisijeni, uye wechitatu ane chete. Saka, nokuda vaitamira π-chikamu, zvachose mufananidzo maatomu vatatu ndimumwe nehafu kubatana. ukama Uyu mapfupi pane imwe, asi kunopfuura kaviri. The ndingangokuvara dzokororo mamorekuru masayendisiti vakaperekedza kuedza Kwabviswa.

kwetunhu nzira

Nokuti paumbwe imwe gasi akadai ozone, makemikari Kufananidzira Kwezvokudya Nemiti anofanira kuva ari gaseous svikiro iri muchimiro munhu maatomu. ezvinhu akadaro vakasikwa kudhumhana reokisijeni mamorekuru vane maerekitironi O ₂ panguva nemagetsi discharges kana zvimwe zvacho dzakakwirira simba, uye kana irradiated pamwe ultraviolet chiedza.

mugove cheshumba yacho yaipedzerwa ozone zvinoberekwa photochemical nzira iri zvepanyama ratinoona ezvinhu. Vanhu kushandisa makemikari nezvebasa dzimwe nzira dzakadai, semuenzaniso, electrolytic kwetunhu. Inoitwa pakuti aqueous electrolyte svikiro Platinum electrodes akaisa uye kubvumirwa ano. The kuita zano:

H ₂ O + O ₂ → O ₃ + H ₂ + e ^-

mumuviri ehupfumi

Okisijeni (O) - chikwata chinoumba akadai ozone fuma - kwemakemikari chaikosha ane nzira uye hama matadza mass akanyorwa periodic table. Pokubatana O ₃ okisijeni, nayo anowana Zvivako vangasimudzira vakasiyana nevaya O _2.

Gas zvitema - iri rinowanika mamiriro yeimwe akadai ozone. Chemical chaikosha fomura quantitative maitiro - zvose chinorondedzerwa muna kuziviswa uye kudzidza fuma. Kubika nguva naye -111,9 ° C, liquefied hurumende ine rima yepepuru ruvara, apo mamwe richikwidibira dhigirii kuti -197,2 ° C utsotso kunotanga. In yakasimba ezvinhu aggregation ozone anova dema ruvara ane ruvara Hue. Its nguva solubility gumi kupfuura zviri pfuma yakachena O _2. Kana kuwanda zvikuru diki mudenga munhuwi ozone, zviri unopinza, yakananga uye afanane munhuwi zvesimbi.

mushonga ehupfumi

Chaizvo, aine Mukuona maitiro, gasi ndiyo ozone. Chemical chaikosha kuti anoumba - ndiko oxygen. Unhu kuti kuona nomufambiro ozone iri kudyidzana nedzimwe zvinhu, - yakakwirira oxidizing mano uye kusagadzikana pamusoro gasi pacharo. Panguva yakakwirira tembiricha izvozvo uchiora pamwero kumboitika, mhanyisa muitiro uye catalysts zvakadai oxides simbi, kuiisa chlorine dioxide, senitrogen uye nevamwe. Oxidant ehupfumi yokusafa STRUCTURAL zviri ozone nokuda kufamba pamusoro Morekuru uye rimwe chete reokisijeni maatomu, izvo unodokwairira ichichinja okisijeni gasi: O ₃ → O ₂ + O ·

Okisijeni (chivakwa nechigumbuso umo kuvakwa Morekuru zvinhu zvakadai okisijeni uye ozone) - nemakemikari maatomu akafanana. Sezvazvakanyorwa muna equations nazvo - About ·. Ozone oxidizes nesimbi zvose kunze goridhe, Platinum uye ayo subgroups. It zvaanoita pamwe magasi ari mumhepo - oxides rwesarufa, senitrogen uye nevamwe. Kuramba inert uye Organic zvinhu, kunyanya kutsanya pezvakaitwa vari discontinuities akawanda zvisungo kuburikidza paumbwe zvenguva yeimwe. Zvinokosha kuti maitiro zvigadzirwa isingakuvadzi zvakatipoteredza uye vanhu. mvura iyi, okisijeni, wakakwidzwa oxides akasiyana-zvinhu, oxides ose kabhoni. Zvaakazoita pamwe ozone hakuuyi binary yeimwe calcium, titanium nesilicon pamwe okisijeni.

kunyoresa

Huru nzvimbo apo akashandisa "hwema" gasi - nayo ozonation. Nzira yakadaro mbereko zvakawanda inoshanda uye yakachengeteka zvipenyu pane kuiisa chlorine disinfection. Kana achinatsa mvura ozone inotungamirwa kunoitika chepfu nomukaka zviri methane ngozi halogen kuchiiswa.

Kuwedzera, nzira iyi zvipenyu mbereko rinoshandiswa zvokudya indasitiri. Ozone kubatwa Refrigeration zvokushandisa, okuchengetera zvivako kuti zvinhu pamwe rubatsiro naye tiite kubviswa kunhuwirira.

Kwezvokurapa disinfectant ehupfumi kuti ozone kuri chinokosha. Ivo disinfect ronda, sesaline zvingaitwa. Ozonated venous ropa, uyewo "hwema" gasi kubata zvinoverengeka chirwere zvirwere.

Kuva zvakasikwa, uye ukoshi

Simple fuma ozone - chaikosha gasi sezvamunoita stratosphere nharaunda pedyo muchadenga rakamiswa kure anenge 20-30? Km pachiso. Voga kuti remubatanidzwa ichi zvinoitika panguva pezvakaitwa chokuita yemagetsi discharges, panguva nomoto, kuti Copier midziyo. Asi ari stratosphere nayo achiumbwa uye rine 99% of yaipedzerwa ozone aripo pasi muchadenga.

Inokosha akaratidza kuvapo gasi iri pedyo-Pasi nzvimbo. Anoumba mairi Yaunoti ozone layer iyo inodzivirira zvose upenyu kubva ngozi ultraviolet rezuva nemwaranzi. Oddly zvakakwana, asi pachigadziko ndima ine mukana guru, gasi pachayo ngozi kuvanhu. Kuwedzera wevasungwa kuti ozone mudenga kufema munhu kukuvadza muviri nokuda kwayo kwakanyanyisa reactivity.