Iro akakamurwa maatomu emvura mamorekuru? Fomura nemakemikari

Water - huru mamiriro ezvinhu muupenyu Panyika. pamusoro The Earth ane zvinopfuura zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu ine munyanza, yamakungwa, nzizi uye madhamu. Vhoriyamu remvura nyanza panguva kagumi Vhoriyamu zvachose panyika nzvimbo.

Land - Island iri mumakungwa

Nyika yedu inogona kunzi nenyanza umo makondinendi vari chokwadi chete chitsuwa chakakura, chaiyo nokuda kwaizvozvi, kubvira Earth muchadenga Earth anooneka zvitema-uswa, ruvara penyanza.

Chipenyu pamusoro redu yakaitwa nemvura, semuenzaniso muramba nayo unotora 95% uye muviri womunhu ine 65% mvura. Kushaya fuma iyi chete 1% kurema muviri kunokonzera kunzwa nyota. Kana muviri anorasikirwa 10% kubva mwando, izvo zvingaita kuti kuparadzwa kwayo. Zvinenge zvose nemakemikari kutora nzvimbo isina aqueous svikiro. Evaporating mvura anoita tembiricha wenyika iyo vanogara. Kana munhu asingadi ziya, pashure maawa basa rakaoma ake tembiricha muviri aizokurumbira 46 ^° C

mvura emuchina

The hwemvura mamiriro ezvinhu ari kugara zvitange: nayo runopwa kubva akazaruka reservoirs, vachipinda makore, rikawira sezvo mvura kana echando uye nzizi nehova ichayerera kugungwa. Mwando seeps muvhu, anounganidza uye zvakare anouya pamusoro, iyo anozadza reservoirs. Vazhinji mvura ariko sezvo pamwando mumhepo, mu yakasimba mamiriro - muchimiro hombe akaturikidzana echando uye echando floes mumakomo uye polar munharaunda. Anenge ramakumi maviri vasanaiwa nemvura rinoshandiswa zvipenyu zvakananga. Natural mvura haisi zvashambidzwawo, sezvo akachena sezvinobvira runoonekwa kunaya, asi rine zvimwe netsvina entrained mudenga.

The nhamba inoratidza zvimwe maatomu ari Morekuru uye rinosanganisira mvura somunhu vakakamurwa hunhu.

Sechivako mvura

Iro akakamurwa maatomu mvura mamorekuru - uzivewo munguva yedu chero mudzidzi.
Mumwe morekuru ichi zvokunyama inovakwa neumwe okisijeni atomu uye rehydrogen maatomu maviri. mamiriro uku nezvinhu zvitatu, sezvo vakanga waitsimbirira mumwe. Pakati okisijeni (kwemakemikari chiratidzo - G) kumativi maviri vebasa vaviri rehydrogen atomu (H) - ndiro maatomu kuti zviparadzanise mvura Morekuru.

Near okisijeni atomu kunaka Mhosva kuumbwa, uye kumativi hydrogen maatomu - yakanaka. Kuziva chii maatomu mvura Morekuru iri akatsemura, wefizikisi anosarudza kuti ayo Morekuru - dipole. Izvi zvinokonzerwa zvose muviri wayo zvivako. Kure pakati nuclei ari maatomu O, H - anenge 0.1 nm, uye pakati hydrogen maatomu - vanenge 0,15 nm.

Kutaura zvazviri, mvura - ndiwo rehydrogen oxide, chikuru chinoita munyika. Muna 1783, yakakurumbira kemisiti Lavoisier pakutanga zvikaramba rehydrogen kubva mvura pane kuratidzwa umo maatomu yakakamurwa mvura Morekuru (payakavakirwa - H ₂ O). Nokudaro kwayo samolecular uremu - 18 g / mol randinogara Verengai Morekuru aripo maatomu guru okisijeni uye rehydrogen. The STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa anoratidzwa umo mvura morekuru paradzanisa maatomu.

Water Physics

Water imvura isina kwakanaka, kwete kuravira, hapana ruvara, une zvinotevera ehupfumi:

• mvura arambe achirema - 1 g / masendimita ^3;
• oma madhigirii - ⁰ ° C (chando);
• dhigirii rokukwatisa - 100 ^{° C} (mhute).

Iro akakamurwa maatomu mvura mamorekuru mu wefizikisi, zvinogona kuonekwa pazasi.

Panguva reflux rehydrogen zvisungo apwanyika, uye nemvura ichichinja pamwando mamiriro. Kana tembiricha iri akatura kubva 100 ^{° C} kuti 3,98 ^{° C} vhoriyamu kwayo kunoderedza zvishoma nezvishoma. Zvisinei, zvinopesana neizvi muitiro kunoitika panguva mberi ndima rezasi muganhu. Part bhuku mvura pa 3,98 ^{° C} ane guru kupfuura pa ⁰ ° C, nekuda chando ichi uye vakaramba ayo nechepamusoro.

Uyezve, mvura ine chikuru pamusoro makakatanwa zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe emura zvinhu, dzakakudzingai nemekiyuri. Pasi pemvura mamorekuru vane simba kukwezvana kune mumwe nomumwe. Asi mamorekuru izvi regai uwane mamorekuru dzedenga pamusoro pavo, ivo vari vakwezvane chete. Izvi zvinoitawo kuti pose makakatanwa mugumisiro firimu pamusoro mvura.

pfuma iyi rinoshandiswa nevamwe rezvipembenene anogona kufamba pamusoro pemvura pasina kunyura. miviri yavo chiedza chaizvo, uye pose kunetsana haabvumiri kuti kuwira mumvura. Inotungamirwa icicles uyewo kunoitika nokuda pfuma iyi nemvura okutorwa pakati mamorekuru ayo. Kana mvura iri dzikwanise pamwando, kuti gaseous, pemvura makakatanwa nokupera.

Chemical ehupfumi dzemvura

Water - asi reactionary fuma. makemikari ehupfumi Its kuvimba chii maatomu mvura Morekuru iri rwakakamukana. Liquid unoora kupinda sehydrogen neoxygen pasi pokudzora magetsi. The kuita kunoitika nayo inomira uye oxidant, uye achidzikisa zvaanoda. A mvura Morekuru akafanana guru kwazvo mabhomba magnets a uye vanogona kutaura zvinenge zvose zvinogona chokuita. Pasi zvinoitwa munyu waro kuchengetwa hydrolysis kupa simba electrolyte.

Water ikasakendenga pamwe inokosha oxides. Zvaanoita pamwe simbi zhinji, dzakadai yavaibvisa, potassium uye simbi pamusoro kudziyisa, pamwe-shanduka rehydrogen riri vakacherechedza:

2Na + 2h ₂ O = H ₂ + 2NaOH;
2K + 2h ₂ O = H ₂ + 2KOH;
3Fe + 4h ₂ O = 4h ₂ + Fe ₃ O _4.

Nonmetals hazvina kushingaira sezvo nesimbi, asi achiri kushamwaridzana mvura pasi simba kudziyisa:

C + H ₂ O = H ₂ + CO;

CH ₄ + 2h ₂ O = 4h ₂ + CO _2.

Interacts yakawanda vasiri-metal oxides. Kana izvi zvaitika maitiro mukomboni Anoumba acid.
Vakawana nomoto rehydrogen mu reokisijeni kuti aumbe mvura utsi:

2h ₂ + Haiwa ₂ = 2h ₂ O,

uye ichi kuita nguva imwe panguva imwe tembiricha ^kuti 700 C.

Nheyo nemukuparadzwa mumvura

The aqueous svikiro anogona kuiparadza zvinhu zvakawanda, siyana anoti pamusoro aggregation. Vari akakamurwa marudzi anotevera:

• soluble;
• havaratidzi soluble;
• anenge insoluble.

Chii musimboti pokutaura? Kufunga maatomu kuti mvura Morekuru inokamukana, rinogona kutsanangurwa nemano ayo kuti uwane mamorekuru dzakasiyana zvinhu. By zvokuverengera munyu ions achaiswa mwoyo mhosva ions mvura Morekuru. Izvi anosunungura kana absorbs kupisa. Ions zvazvichanyungudutswa mvura fuma kuramba mumwe nhamba remvura mamorekuru wezvamatongerwe hydrate deko. The ions vari hydrated, uye crystals dzakadaro dzinonzi sekristaro hydrates.

mvura functionality

aqueous fuma basa muupenyu Vagari redu hazvigoni dzakanaka, nekuti zvose upenyu, kwete chete nokuti, asi nguva dzose vanochengetedza kuvapo kwayo chete nokuda kwenyaya iyi.

1. Muviri. Mvura anoita somunhu polar solvent, nzvimbo yakanaka zvose kuitika chipenyu muviri zvavaifunga. Zvinhu izvo zvinogona zvazvichanyungudutswa mairi, dzinonzi hydrophilic uye insoluble - hydrophobic.
2. Transport. Internal Sero mamorekuru yairamba ichifambira kubva muchitokisi chimwe. Mvura kuchinjwa chinokosha munyaya dzomunyika ezvinhu chero muviri.
3. Thermoregulation. Water zvakaenzana anoparadzira kupisa nokutonhora, nokugadzirisa tembiricha mukati pamuviri, akadai kukonzera vangadikitira mhuka pakudaro inotonhodza muviri.
4. The zvipenyu Kukosha mvura ndechokuti zvinobatanidzwa dzakawanda nemakemikari.
5. Zvokuimba basa. pfuma kwemvura kunokosha kwete kuti ndizvipete kuramba chimiro zvomukati uye munyama.

The kujairika ehupfumi mvura

Hapana pfuma munyika, nezvahunoreva nokuti zvose zvipenyu zvose pane bani mvura. Checkered arambe achirema, mukuru kupisa vanokwanisa uye yakakwirira pamusoro kukakavadzana, ayo tichikwanisa ndangariro - zvose izvi anomalous ehupfumi ane pfuma zvakadai semvura. Zvingaonekwa uye kuedza kuratidza kuti aqueous fuma anokwanisa yokufungisisa ehupfumi nezvinhu, izvo kamwe ichiputswa mariri, uye kuchengeta zvivako izvi, kunyange pashure kwakakwana kubviswa izvi zvinhu. Yakavakwa pamusoro ichi zvinodiwa zvinokosha Homeopathic mushonga. Chimwe chisingarambiki uye panguva imwecheteyo asingatsananguriki chokwadi kubva nemaonero sayenzi - rakasiyana nemamwe kuporesa ehupfumi of Epiphany mvura ine zvikuru simba. zvakavanzika zvose izvi asi kugadzirisa masayendisiti kuitika uye ramangwana.