Chii drawback earufabheti yekare? The kwaita mutauro wakanyorwa uye zvikuru bumbiro yekare

Background kuti chidzoke kunyora anodzokera kune chinyakare zvaiita hurongwa. Panguva iyoyo vanhu vakatanga kuva-siyana unyanzvi kutamira mashoko vachishandisa mifananidzo. Zvishoma Papera, mumwe murume akauya kuna zvivanakire mufananidzo pfungwa iri achinyora muchimiro mubatanidzwa mazwi, izvo, akavapindurawo, vari runotaurwa tsamba. Saka pakanga bumbiro yekare. Kupi uye sei akanga shoko rokutanga rakanyorwa? Chii drawback earufabheti yekare uye sei kundoitora kukunda? Edza kunzwisisa ...

Sumerian ecuneiform

Negadziriro zviratidzo zvakanyorwa pakutanga, kubudikidza kubvuma Vanyori, paiva zviuru anenge mashanu nehafu apfuura mune zvokurima nemisha yose sevaSumer - vanhu vaigara pakati penzizi rwaTigrisi uye rwizi rwaYufratesi. The nzira kunyora, rinonzi "ecuneiform", riri extruded mabhii ari rectangular rakanyorwa ivhu nyoro achishandisa zvimiti wakarodzwa, dzakanga wakachengetwa zvishoma akachinjikana. Zvadaro usina kukonekita vakanga yaoma muzuva kana kudzingwa basa iri romoto.

Kushandisa zviratidzo zvecuneiform sevaSumer akapfuura zvairehwa pfungwa ari stylized chimiro. Uyezve, havana ariko vamwe zviratidzo uye Abstract tsika ( "chiedza", "nguva"). In zvachose paiva anopfuura zviuru zviviri zviratidzo hieroglyphs. Zvisinei, kuratidza zvinoreva pfungwa dzakaoma dzaiva shoma vavo, saka sevaSumer wakatangwa phonetic musimboti. Sign, iro chokuita imwe inzwi, zvaigona kushandiswa kunan'anura mamwe chinhu kuburikidza ruzha. Pfungwa iyi yaiva hwaro kunyora nhasi.

Yekare muIjipiti yekare

Achinyora muIjipiti kwakaitika mumireniyamu rechina BC. Pakutanga, kurekodha vakaitwa vachishandisa kwakajairika mifananidzo - bumbiro yekare kuoneka mune inotevera danho.

Ancient Egyptian kunyora rinobatanidza mhando dzakawanda:

• hieroglyphic - tanga chimiro Egyptian kunyora. At paro akarara kushandisa mifananidzo kana pictograms; Saka zviri mumagwaro advantageously chitendero;
• hieratic - a nyore muchimiro yekare. Yakanga rudzi "shorthand", zvakakunakira kuramba yepamutemo uye ebhizimisi;
• Demotic - zvikuru gare gare uye zvakakunakira chimiro mubhizimisi kurzive, iyo mifananidzo vari zvishoma nowenyika tsaru kutaurwa.

Zvisinei, nguva dzose, muEgipita runyoro dzinoratidzwa nevakawanda chepfungwa, umo rimwe hunhu kureva yose pfungwa uye manyorerwo, uye munhu kurira. Uyezve, kwaiva zvakawanda chaiwo Badges - determiners kuti zvinokosha kumwe kujekeswa tsika chifananidzo.

Achibatsirwa vatambi, kazhinji mifananidzo akakura zvakanyorwa pamatombo. Ieratikoy demotic uye kunyora tsanga enhokwe neingi.

Fenikiya kana yeSeiri vakanga akazogadzira arufabheti yokutanga

The budiriro mukurusa mumunda kunyora pakukura yaiva nokugadzirwa earufabheti wokutanga. Maererano yemamiriro pfungwa, havaoni ayo vaiva vokuFenikiya. Nokuti vakasununguka pakuita bhizimisi nevanhu vaitaura mitauro yakasiyana, havana kushandisa pfungwa yeAlpha-kurira kurekodha mamiriro ndivo rokutanga XI-X emakore BC,.

Zvisinei, pane shanduro kwakabva arufabheti rokutanga wechipiri. kuvamba Its rwunoverengerwa nevagari paSeiri - nharaunda mugwenga, iri kumaodzanyemba kweGungwa Rakafa. Zvinozivikanwa kuti seirtsy razgovaivali mumutauro wavo. Muzana XIX remakore BC, vaIjipiti, vanopa nzendo kuna Sinai Peninsula, vakaripira kuti kuwedzera kuwanda mauto avo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvakarekodhwa akaita seirskimi vakuru uye vakuru uye anopinda vaEgipita muchimiro nemishumo, uye pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira arufabheti. Vanotsigira pfungwa iyi vanoti tanga kurekodha nokushandisa arufabheti vatambi dzakaitwa chaizvo vagere paSeiri.

Phoenician tsamba. Chii drawback earufabheti yekare

ReFenikiya arufabheti chinosanganisira makumi maviri tsamba. Vamwe zviratidzo yakatorwa hunotovapo kunyora mugadziriro: muEgipita, Cretan, yeBhabhironi. Tsamba All earufabheti yekare ishiri ine kwakajairika chinhu schema ane zita rinotanga nenzwi hwaienzanirana tsamba iyi. Paiva matsamba musimboti yokuronda tsamba nerimwe zita rake uye emashoko. Zvinozivikanwa kuti vaFenikiya akanyora kubva kurudyi kuenda kuruboshwe.

Chii drawback earufabheti yekare? Chokutanga, pakuti iye yaimirira chete nemavara uye semivowel. Mavhawero chete yakawira kunyora.

Zvadaro, rekare arufabheti reFenikiya vakava hwaro pamusoro chipi zvose mamwe Alpha-ruzha mugadziriro, kusanganisira muEurope.

mutauro wechiGiriki - mumwe wemitauro pakurarama mukuru akanyorwa

Pokutangira kukura vose Western bumbiro zvakanga zvanyorwa chekare. By 403 BC vakanga yagadzirwa kunyora ezvinhu inonzi "tsamba reIonia." Arufabheti Greek akatanga tsamba makumi maviri nezvina. First yakawanikwa nevanochera mumutauro uyu zvinyorwa zvakanga zvakavezwa padombo kana nechepadivi zvedongo zvinhu.

Chii drawback rekare arufabheti wechiGiriki? The tanga Zvinyorwa hwakawanda huripo, inozivikanwa tsamba kuva kunyatsoteerera geometrical chimiro uye zvakafanana chaiwo daro pakati pemitsara uye munhu tsamba.

More kuchangobva magwaro kunge akanyora, dzinoratidzwa woita tsamba, uyewo - conjoint kunyora mashoko. Nokufamba kwenguva, tsamba yechiGiriki vakava zviviri maumbirwo tsamba - uppercase uye lowercase.

Mune ramangwana, arufabheti wechiGiriki yakatorwa nevaRoma. Vazhinji vanhu vake vasara kuchinja, uye akawedzera kwavari nhamba dzavo pachavo. Nhasi, weRoma (Latin) nearufabheti kwose kwose, nokuti nguva kuchinja zvishomanana.