The Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin: chirongwa, mifananidzo, tsanangudzo, nhoroondo uye mufananidzo. Where is Cathedral Square?

IKathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin inzvimbo yakasiyana yeyekuvakwa kwechiitiko chechivako. Nguva huru yekuumbwa kweguru rakanaka-XV-XVI yezana remakore.

Kuti zvose zvakatanga sei

Kusimbisa kusimba kwehupfumi hweMoscow Kutungamirirwa kwakatangira kutanga kwekuvakwa kwemachechi makuru nemakereke. Machinda aDmitriy Donskoy naIvan Kalita vakarayira kuvaka kwetemberi, iyo yakazogadzirisa chimiro chekugadzirisa uye kugadzirwa kwepakati pekwere. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvisikwa zvepakutanga hazvina kupona. Panguva yekutonga kwaIvan wechitatu, matemberi matsva akavakwa munzvimbo imwechete, akakodzera guta guru rehurumende huru yeRussia.

Ipa chimwe chinhu

Kubvira pakutanga kwekuonekwa kwaro, Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yakashandiswa pamitambo yakasiyana-siyana uye maitiro. Pamichato yekubata ushe, kururamisa uye pamazuva emazororo makuru echechi, mabasa makuru aive akarongeka munharaunda yaro. Nzvimbo yaiva paberere reChechi yeChechi yakagadzirirwa musangano wakakosha wevatumwa venyika. Nharaunda yacho yakayambuka nekumhanyira kuchema kunzvimbo yekupedzisira yekupotera kwevatateguru, metropolitans, madzimambo uye machinda makuru.

IChehedral Square Square muMoscow muzana remakore gumi nemasere nerepfumbamwe rakapetwa rakagadzirwa nematombo ematombo akaita sandstone. Kwemazana makumi emakumi emakore ezana remakore rechimakumi maviri rakapetwa. Mukati yekuvakazve muna 1955, nzvimbo yacho yakavezve yakafukidzwa nemabwe.

Zvinhu izvo zvisati zvasara kusvikira nhasi

Iko kereke yeChedhedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yakashandurwa kakawanda. Pakutanga, zvivako zvepamuviri zvakavakwa kubva pamatanda. Mumwe wavo akakundikana kurarama munguva yemoto unogara uripo muguta guru, vamwe vakangoputsika, mushure mokunge vakagadzira vatsva munzvimbo yavo. Munenge temberi dzose, ikozvino dzakamira paKathedral Square, dzakanga dzakagara dzakagara. Nyaya inonyanya kuzivikanwa yezvino zvisiripo zvinhu ndeyeChechi yeIndaneti, Temberi yeSolovki Wonderworkers, Mutumwa Mukuru, Annunciation uye Assumption Cathedral, Dare rekare reChishanu.

Kwakanga kune zvivako zvakaparadza kana zvakakuvadza zvakanyanya vavengi. Saka yakave panguva yeMatambudziko Makore (1612) uye kupinda kwaBonaparte (gore ra1812). Semuenzaniso, apo mauto eFrance akadzoka kubva kumuguta mukuru, iyo yega yeFilaretov yakawedzera kune Ivan the Great Belltower yakaparadzwa. Izvo zvakafanirwa zvakamirira iri pedyo nhatu-span belfry. Chechi yeSt. John yeLadder haina kuchengetwa. Yakavakwa nemurairo waIvan Kalita muna 1329. Chimiro chacho chakanga chiri muchimiro che octagon uye mabheji emabhero, ari pachipiri chechipiri. Yakanga ichinyangarika muzana remakore gumi namashanu nechinangwa chekusunungura nharaunda yekuvakwa kwebhero shongwe mukukudza Ivan the Great.

Kuonekwa kwemaumbirwo ematemberi akavakwa kwakasiyana-siyana sezvaidiwa nenguva. Zvimwe zvivako zvakawedzerwa nezvitsauko zvitsva, mapurati akavharwa nezvimwe zvinhu.

Zviratidzo zvekugadzira chimiro

Iyo Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin (chinyorwa chinowanikwa munyaya yacho) ine zvimwe zviitiko zvezvivakwa zvezvivakwa zveVladimir-Suzdal Principality uye Pskov. Masters akakoka kubva kumakamuri maviri akataurwa ehurumende yeRussia, pakagadzira makereke uye makedhedrals, kwete kungotevedzera nzira dzekugadzira, asiwo akaunza zvitsva. Somuenzaniso, panguva yekuvakwa kwechechi ye Risopolozhskaya kokutanga yakagadzira podklet yakakwirira. Chikoro cheSpkov chaiva nechinje chakakosha pakugadzirisa maitiro emasikati. Saka, pane dzakawanda temberi zvinokwanisika kuona mazamu, mabhandi emapuranga pamatehwe eimba, mumhanyi, nzira yechitatu yekukwanisa kupedzisa zvidhina. Kana iri chikoro cheVladimir-Suzdal, simba rayo rainyanya kuoneka apo yakashongedza Assumption Cathedral (mahwindo emawindo uye arched bhanhire pane apses).

New style

Pachikonzero chekushandiswa kwezvinhu zvakajeka zvezvivakwa zviviri zvekuvakwa kwekukosha kwenharaunda muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, maitiro ekutanga eMoscow akabuda, unhu hwekuvakwa kwematombo, iyo yakazove iyo yose-yeRussia. Yakanga yakasiyana neyekotori yakagadzirwa nekkushniks pamasikati, yakasimudza midzi yepurs uye arched arches. Panguva imwecheteyo, mutambo wepakati we dome wakanga uchitaridzirwa zvakajeka kuenda kumabvazuva kumativi eimba yekuvaka.

Nyika dzakasiyana-siyana

Kwenguva yakati, Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yakaumbwa pasi pesimba rakakura yekuvakwa kweItaly Renaissance. Pasinei nokuti vakokwa kune dzimwe nyika vakagadzirira kuomerera kune dzimwe nzira dzekugadzirisa matombo ematombo muRussia, kukorongodza kwemafesheni emamwe zvivako (The Archangel Cathedral, Faceted Chamber nevamwe) yakasiyana nemamiriro ezvimwe zvivako zveFlorrentine. Pakati pavo, pakagadzirwa mawindo ewindo uye tympanum, pamwe nezvishongo. Somuenzaniso, Bon Fryazin kokutanga muRussia akashandisa zvigadzirwa zvesimbi zvakagadziriswa mukugadzirwa kwekuvaka. Nokudaro, ichi chakaita sechinhu chisina maturo chakadzivisa kuputsika kwebhero shongwe yeIvan the Great apo yakaedza kuiridzira iyo muna 1812.

Chinguvana pamusoro pevakagadziri

Zvinosuruvarisa, mumapepa ezana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, kwete mazita akawanda akachengetwa, nokuda kwaKathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin yakaratidzwa. Mune zvinyorwa zvinotaurwa nezvaKrivtsov naMyshkin - vatungamiri vevashandi vezvivako kubva kuSpkov, vakaita mukuvakwa kwechechi yeAnnunciation uye chechi yeRobe.

Nokuda kwekushaiwa kwevako vanovaka zvivakwa, vatorwa vakatanga kutumirwa kuMoscow. Mumwe wevadzidzi vokutanga vokuItaly vaiva Aristotle Fioravanti. Akarongedza hurongwa hwekuvaka Assumption Cathedral. Kuvakwa kweSwedet Faceted Chamber yakaitwa naMarco Fryazin naPaul Antonio Solari. Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechitanhatu, kuvaka kweAssumption Cathedral kwaitungamirirwa naAleviz Novy.

Izvo zvisingazivikanwi zvemasters eItaly anonzi Bona Fryazina. Pamusoro pehupenyu hwake nemabasa ake pane anenge asina ruzivo. Akaronga kuvaka kwevatatu vaviri vekutanga paIvan the Great's bell tower. Zvakaitika muna 1505-1508. Nyaya yake yakaramba ichinyorwa naPetrok Maly - zvakare muItaly. Akashanda munzvimbo dzekuvaka dzeKremlin kwemakore gumi nemanomwe (kubva muna 1522), unyanzvi hwake hwepamusoro uye chimiro chinopupurira musoro wechivakwa. Kuzivikanwa kwakadaro kunogona kuzvikudza chete neItaly mbiri - Solari neAleviz Itsva.

Modernity

Ko Cathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin inotarisa sei nhasi ? Izvo zvirongwa zvose , zvechokwadi, zvakashandurwa kupfuura kwenguva. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti vanyori vezvakaitika kare, vatsigiri vekare uye mamwe maongorori vakashanda kwemakumi emakumi emakore kuti vadzorere kuonekwa kwakasiyana-siyana kune zvivako zvakawanda zvetsika uye nhoroondo. Parizvino, basa rakakosha rezana remakore re XV-XVI rinooneka risati rayemura vashanyi mukubwinya kwayo kose. Ngationgororei zvimwe zvezvinhu zvayo zvakadzama.

The Annunciation Cathedral

IChedhedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin (chirongwa chekumaodzanyemba-kumavirazuva chinoratidza izvi) chinozivikanwa nokuda kwekereke yakagadzirwa neva Masters Pskov muna 1484-1489. Kubvira pakutonga kwaIvan wechitatu uye kutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemanomwe, kereke yeAn Annunciation yaiva kereke yeimba yemadzimambo eRussia. Temberi, iyo yakavezwa korona neimba shanu yakagadzirwa, inogadziriswa yakagadzirwa nenzira yekutanga kwekuvakwa kwechikoro cheMoscow. Muchikati mauri unogona kumira mienzaniso yakawanda yepikicha yechitendero yezana remakore rechitanhatu. Mumufananidzo wakaoma wakafananidzira, pfungwa pamusoro pekutumwa kweChechi yeOrthodox muRussia inotsiva zvakananga kuByzantium inoratidzwa.

The Cathedral Archangel

Parizvino, chivako ichi chinoita seguva revatongi vazhinji veRussia. Icho chiri kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva chikamu chepamusoro. Chimiro chekushongedza chetemberi chainyanya kutungamirirwa nemitemo yeChikoro chekuItaly yekugadzirisa yeRenaissance. Kereke huru yakagadziriswa yakagadzirwa panzvimbo yeMutumwa mukuru Mikaeri, uyo akakuvadzwa zvakakomba nemhepo yakasimba yematemberi (yezana remakore rechigumi nemana). Chivako chakabatana zvakanaka neKremlin pamwe.

Faceted Chamber

Chivako ichi chakanga chiri chekuita mitambo yematare uye mhemberero dzakatemwa. Yakanga yakagadzirwa pakati pe1487 na1491. VaItaly vakagadzira Ruffo naSolari vakatarisira kuvaka. Iko kushongedzwa kwechivako chekumabvazuva kwechivakwa nechisimba chakakosha uye kuvakwa kwemahwindo eLancet ndizvo zvinokonzerwa nehutano hwekuvakwa kweItaly. Muzana ramakore gumi nemanomwe remakore, Ushakov pachake akazora masvingo eImba.

Ivan the Great Belltower

Ikunze kwechivakwa yakagadzirirwa kuratidzira simba rose reRussia. Kwenguva yakareba bhero rakange riri chivakwa chepamusoro-soro muguta guru uye rakaratidza chikamu chinokosha chesvingo rukuru reKremlin. Yakava yakagadzirwa pakusimbisa shongwe yakadaro-sematemberi munyika yose.

Assumption Cathedral

Iyi ndiyo kereke huru yeOrthodox muRussia. Yakavakwa mushure mekufananidzira kwekereke yeVladimir. Makore ekuvakwa - 1475-1479. Pamusoro penzvimbo yepamusoro pakakwirira mamita makumi mana nemashanu pane musara wakaiswa. Mumadziro ei temberi vatongi veRussia vakashongedzwa korona uye vakuru veOrthodox vakakwidziridzwa kunzvimbo. Nhasi, madzitateguru mazhinji nemaguta makuru enyika inovigwa ipapo. Imwe nzvimbo yakajeka yakadzika masters zana emhizha yavo.

Nzira yekuenda seiko?

Where is Cathedral Square? Rimwe rinoshamisa rinowanikwa munharaunda yeMoscow Kremlin. Unogona kusvika ipapo nebhasi nhamba 6 kana nebhasiro mabhazi Nhasi 1, 33 (enda kubhasi rebhasi "Borovitskaya Ploshchad"), pamwe ne metro (kusvika kumahofisi "Aleksandrovsky Sad", "Borovitskaya", "Arbatskaya", " Lenin ").

Mhedziso

IKathedral Square yeMoscow Kremlin (mutezheni wekubatanidzwa unowanikwa munyaya yacho) igorojekiti yakawanda. Kwemakore mazana mashanu emakore, yakaramba ichiva nzvimbo iyo yakaitika zviitiko zvezvakaitika zvakaitika.