Pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa: hunhu uye kukosha kwayo muupenyu hwevanhu

Sezvo tichiziva kubva zvipenyu Somuenzaniso, imwe relict chirimwa, sezvo Ginkgo, kana zvakadai hove Crossopterygii somunhu coelacanth, pane chinenge havashanduki makore mamiriyoni anenge. Sei ichi kutsanangurwa kutsiga kwemarudzi zvechigarire mutation pezvakaitwa zvakasikwa? Mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu makapiwa nokuongorora pfungwa "pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa" - dzidziso kuti rakagadzirwa ne mukurumbira shanduka II Schmalhausen.

Akati mhando kusarudzwa anogona chete kuonekwa ezvinhu kugara kwezvakatipoteredza kwenguva zvakakwana refu. Ndokusaka imwe kwezvakatipoteredza, vakawanda, anowanzoramba zvakakwana akakodzera kwaari pachake uye siyanei mutants izvi anofanirwa kuparara. STABILIZER kusarudzwa kunosimbiswa anoverengeka mienzaniso zvakakwana. Saka, pashure yakakwirira mhepo uye chando pamusoro 136 neromuromo dhimba hafu-Vakafa akawanikwa North America, achiripo vanhu 72 chete. Pakati pavo paiva dhimba kuva avhareji mapapiro, nokuda iyo vakanga zvakawanda kutsungirira kupfuura vaya vakanga namapapiro refu chaizvo kana pfupi chaizvo.

Pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa kwacho inoguma phenotypic homogeneity vemo. With ake kwenguva refu kwechirwere zvakatipoteredza kungapa pfungwa kusashanduka kwemarudzi kana vemo. Zvisinei, izvi ndizvo chete pachena kusashanduka uye anogona kunetsa chete chitarisiko. Kana ichi Gene dziva kaviri vamwe kuchinja (mutation kunoitika).

Pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa pamunhu. Muenzaniso Down kuti syndrome. Zvinozivikanwa kuti zvirwere nhaka yakadaro kukonzera mhirizhonga iri diki 21-22 yegwara okutodza. Kana chipi kutsaudzira iri mari uye chimiro makuru okutodza, pane kuparadzwa mazai nourume. Uyewo kwatangwa pamuviri kazhinji kukonzera rufu tuvana pamwe chromosomal abnormalities pakati.

Pakudzikamisa kusarudzwa kwemazana ezviuru kumarudzi, ndiye kuchengetedza mhando zvaikosha kuchinja nokuda uchisiya promutirovavschie fomu. Pasina izvozvo, zvaisazova dzamboparidzirwa zvimwe kugadzikana zvakasikwa.

Pamwe chete kare kukurukurwa Kudzikamiswa, pane munhu selection, izvo zvinobatsira kufunga muenzaniso zvinomera. Chaizvoizvo Its ndiko kuona unhu zvinomera kusarudzwa tichibatsirwa munhu kunyatsoongorora progenies dzavo. Kusiyana vakawanda selection, hazvipindiri mune munhu mbeu vakasarudzwa uye kudyarwa yoga mhuri mune dzimwe nzvimbo kuti kuwana yera vana vavo zvakanaka. With nzira iyi, unogona kuwana kusarudzwa pane genotype pane phenotype.

Chavanoziva vakasarudzwa zviri nani kuti murume, uye kunze pasina pachine chairo. Saka, Darwin akaratidza kuti, somuenzaniso, ari pamberi murimi mudiki upfumi iri mhou mbiri, nokuti nyama nayo anourayira ndiye Anopa mukaka shoma, uye huku zvokudya riri sheche zvakaipa richashandiswa kwavari. Uye mumwe uye kana yechipiri, mumwe murimi kuti tirambe mhuka zvibereko, achiita selection, usaisa pachedu vavariro dzichiri dzinoita matsva. Zviri ichi yakati chinyakare chimiro Darwin uye inoratidza chavanoziva vakasarudzwa.

By kudzidza upenyu dzavanhu Australia uye South Africa, masayendisiti kuramba nechokwadi yakarurama kwezvamakatonga dzavo. Chavanoziva vakasarudzwa kwenguva refu kuti munhu ari mukukurira dzomusango. Kuti ichi chaiva Pfungwa yacho mhedziso inokosha mune zvokurima dzinowanika mhuka uye miti inogona kuwanikwa chete pachishandiswa zvakabudiswa. Saka, kubva dzidziso chavanoziva kusarudzwa Darwin "unomutevera" mumwe, hakuna kukosha, dzidziso chakagadzirwa selection, riri akagadzira muchimiro mutemo, kukurira yose muitiro kuva itsva chirimwa akasiyana uye dzinoita mhuka.