Pollination zvinomera: description, features, nzendo uye mhando

Somunhu kwokupedzisira basa anoita kwese ruva inotungamirwa emichero mbeu. Izvi zvinoda pezvakaitwa maviri. . Chokutanga pollination kwemaruva. Shure kwake pane zvakakodzera muchangosangana - pane michero uye mbeu. . Funga zvakare, chii vari mhando pollination.

tsananguro

, на котором осуществляется перенос мелких зерен с тычинок на рыльце. Pollination miti - danho nokugamuchira kuchinjwa tsanga hwakanaka rakers pamusoro rusarura. Zvinonzi chokuita mumwe padanho chirimwa kukura - paumbwe nhengo dzokubereka nadzo. Masayendisiti vari marudzi maviri pollination wawanikwa: allogamy uye autogamy. Panyaya iyi, wokutanga anogona kuitwa nenzira mbiri: geytonogamiey uye xenogamy.

zvinoitwa

путем переноса зерен с тычинок на рыльце одного органа размножения. Autogamy - miti mukume nokutamisa kuti tsanga rusarura pakati Stamens kubereka simba. Nemamwe mashoko, chimwe maitiro vakazvimiririra anoita zvakakodzera kwacho. Allogamy - muchinjikwa kuchinjirwa kubva imwe nhengo rakers pamusoro rusarura perimwe zviyo. Geytonogamiya kunosanganisira pollination pakati maruva chete, uye xenogamy - vakasiyana. Wokutanga majini zvakafanana autogamy. Muchiitiko chino, pane chete recombination kuti gametes imwe chete munhu. Kazhinji, izvi ndizvo zvizhinji-mukume inflorescences.

Chinonyanya akanakira kwayo majini kushanda anonzi xenogamy. способствует увеличению возможностей перекомбинации генетических данных. pollination rwakadaro maruva miti zvinobatsira kuti recombination yokugara mashoko nezvaanogona. Izviwo, runogonesa kuti intraspecific siyana, zvichiteverwa adaptive shanduka. Zvichakadai, autogamy kunokosha inokosha kudzikamisa chaizvo vatambi.

rinoreva

pollination nzira zvinoenderana zviyo kuchinjirwa nevasori uye ruva avaiita. Allogamy autogamy uye kunogona kuitwa chete zvinhu. Ivo, kunyanya, ndivo mhepo, mhuka, vanhu, mvura. The siyana mukuru dzakasiyana pamwe allogamy. Govera zvinotevera boka ravo:

1. осуществляется с помощью живых организмов. Biological - pollination rinoitwa achibatsirwa zvipenyu. boka iri akazivisa wandei subgroups. The kupatsanura anoitwa zvichienderana mutakuri. (энтомофилия), птицами (орнитофилия), летучими мышами (хироптерофилия). Somuenzaniso, chinozoiswa pollination kubudikidza nezvipembenene (entomophily), shiri (ornithophily), zviremwaremwa (hiropterofiliya). Pane dzimwe nzira -. Achibatsirwa mollusks, mhuka, nezvimwewo Zvisinei, vari kuratidzwa zvakasikwa hadziwanzowaniki.
2. связано с влиянием небиологических факторов. Abiotic - pollination nokuda pokudzora abiotic zvinhu. In boka iri, anokudzwa kuchinjirwa kubva mhepo zviyo (anemofiliyu), mvura (hydrophilic).

, считаются адаптациями к конкретным окружающим условиям. Fashion umo pollination zvinomera vanoonekwa adaptations ezvinhu chaiwo dzezvakatipoteredza. In nemagene mashoko, ivo zvisinganyanyi kukosha kupfuura mhando.

Plant kuchinjira kumamiriro pollination

Funga boka rokutanga nzira. Zvakasikwa, ari kutonga, zviso entomophily. Evolution of zvinomera uye nepfuma vectors vakamhanya dzakafanana. Entomophilous vanhu nyore kumira pakati vamwe. In zvinomera vectors dzekuno kwadzakabva. Mune zvimwe zviitiko vari yakatetepa kuti tsika haasi kukwanisa kurarama pasina okutenderera (kana vakutarisire). Tupukanana vanokwezvwa:

1. Color.
2. Food.
3. Kunhuwidza.

Uyezve, dzimwe tupukanana vanoshandisa maruva sezvo pokutizira. Somuenzaniso, vari takavanda ipapo usiku. The tembiricha iri ruva dzakakwirira kupfuura zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, mumwe madhigirii shoma. Pane zvipembenene kuzvibereka pachavo vari mutsika. Somuenzaniso, wasps Chalcid maruva zvinoshandiswa ichi.

ornithophily

Pollination neshiri kunoitika kunyanya dzinopisa munharaunda. Mune zvisingawanzoitiki zviitiko ornithophily richiwanika munyika subtropics. Zviratidzo maruva zvinokwezva shiri dzinosanganisira:

1. No munhuhwi. In shiri pane simba kunhuhwidza.
2. Corolla ane kazhinji orenji kana tsvuku. Mune zvisingawanzoitiki kacho pane zvitema kana Violet ruvara. Zvinonzi kuti shiri iri nyore kusiyaniswa ruvara.
3. A vazhinji kuderedzwa dzichiitika nekita.

Shiri vasingawanzotauri kugara pasi panguva ruva uye pollinate, dzinodzengerera parutivi pake.

Hiropterofiliya

Zviremwaremwa pollinating advantageously Tropical miti uye minzwa. Mune zvisingawanzoitiki kacho vari munyaya chokufambisa kuti tsanga pauswa. Zviremwaremwa pollinate maruva usiku. Zviratidzo tsika zvinokwezva mhuka idzi dzinosanganisira zvinotevera:

1. Kuvapo chena kana fluorescent yero-nyoro ruvara. Zvingavawo brownish, mune zvisingawanzoitiki zviitiko pepuru.
2. Kuvapo kuchiitirwa hwunonhuhwira. Iye anoyeuchidza zvakavanzika uye kusunungura mbeva.
3. Maruva anotumbuka usiku kana manheru.
4. mativi Large akaremberera kubvira nemapazi refu pemashanga (baobab) kukudziridza kana zvakananga pamusoro hunde dzacho yemiti (koko).

Anemofiliya

Pollination vanenge 20% of mbesa mwero ubvise kutakurwa nemhepo. In akazaruka nzvimbo (steppes, mumarenje, polar nzvimbo), nhamba iyi yepamusoro zvikuru. Anemophilous tsika dzine anotevera zvinhu:

1. Maruva asazivikanwa duku kuti vari yellowish kana greenish, kazhinji pasina perianth. Kana aripo, zviri muchimiro mumafirimu uye pachikero.
2. Kuvapo multiflorous inflorescences. munhu "bouquet" kwakadaro kunogona kumiririrwa povisloj akabatana - mhete.
3. Kuvapo pamusoro stamen anther matete filaments.
4. Asi guru uye kazhinji feathery stigmas yakabudikira mhiri ruva.
5. kuroora kana dioecious tsika.
6. A yakawanda nepfuma. Zvaoma, nemicheka, pachaenzaniswa. The tsanga angava yokuwedzera mano (mhepo mabhegi Somuenzaniso).

Anemophilous tsika kazhinji kuumba clumps makuru. Izvi zvinowedzera zvikuru mikana pollination. Mienzaniso kushumira birchwoods, miouki, sengere mumatenhere.

hydrophilic

pollination iyi kashoma kuwana zvakasikwa. Izvi nokuti mvura kuti haisi kuipa dzinogarisana zvinomera. In miti zhinji maruva vari pamusoro pemvura uye vari mukume kazhinji tumbuyu kana nemhepo. Signs hydrophilic zvirimwa dzinosanganisira:

1. Maruva zvidiki uye asazivikanwa. Vanokurukura singly kana vakaungana "Masvinga" diki.
2. Kazhinji, maruva ngochani. Mienzaniso kushumira vallisneria, Elodea.
3. The Mukume of dzakaonda rusvingo. Havana endothecium. Panobva Mukume vanowanzoda filamentary chimiro. Mune dzimwe tsika, ivo entwine rusarura. Izvi zvinobatsira kuti nokukurumidza kupinda uye kumera kuti nepfuma.
4. The bhinzi havasi exine. Izvi imhaka yokuti mukume mumvura uye haina kudzivirirwa kubva kupwa kunze.

autogamy

Parizvino 75% of zvinomera zviri maruva zvepabonde nevarume uyewo nevakadzi. Izvi zvinopa rakazvimirira kuchinjwa tsanga pasina nechitarisiko zvitsigiso. Autogamy kazhinji chero. Izvi ndozvazvakaita kunyanya pasi yaivhuvhuta ezvinhu nokuda Vatakuri.

Autogamy inobva pana "nani kuzviremekedza pollination, kupfuura hapana zvachose." Izvi rworudzi kuchinjwa chikazozikamwa, zhinji zvirimwa zviyo. Kakawanda munguva kukanganiswa ezvinhu munzvimbo simba chando (achinaya mvura, makomo) kana kupisa zvikuru (mugwenga), uye hapana Vatakuri.

Zvakasikwa, Zvichakadai, akasangana uye kugara autogamy. Zviri kuramba uye kunokosha kuti zvirimwa. Somuenzaniso, kuzvidzora pollinating zvirimwa zvakadai pizi, nzungu, gorosi, neshinda, donje uye nevamwe.

subtypes

Autogamy anogona kuva:

1. Contact. Kana uchifamba filaments Mukume zvakananga kurondedzera stigmas. Izvi autogamy hunhu ungulates, starflower.
2. Simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi. Panyaya iyi, mukume zvasvika rusarura kubva Mukume izvo dziri pamusoro. Kana rinokweva autogamy saka, giravhiti anoita. Izvi runozivisa Heather, pyroloideae tsika.
3. Cleistogamous. Muchiitiko ichi kuitwa maruva pollination kana Akanyatsovharwa ruva. Cleistogamy vaiona kukurusa dhigirii autogamy. Zvingava nokuda vanoshorwa zvinhu (mukuru mwando kana kwemvura). Cleistogamy kungava dzose, majini wakaiswa. Somuenzaniso, inoshamisa violets muchirimo nguva maruva kutanga kuonekwa kuipa, asi pollination hariwaniki navo, ukuwo, hariwaniki zvibereko uye mbeu. Naizvozvo pane cleistogamous nhengo dzokubereka nadzo. Havana kutaurwa uye chiri muchimiro wotungira. Kumera kuti mukume mu Mukume kunoitika zvakananga. The chubhu ichipfuura parusvingo uye kunosvika muromo. Zvinoguma Kamudzira pamwe mbeu.

Cleistogamy padzakacherechedza mutsika dzakasiyana taxonomic mapoka (mune dzimwe zviyo, somuenzaniso).