Polymerization pamusoro propylene: dhayagiramu mukana wokuti vanhu vanga fomura

Chii propylene polymerization? Ndezvipi zvinhu weboka iri kwemakemikari kuita? Ngatiedzei kuwana zvakawanda mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi.

Characterization pamusoro yeimwe

Scheme polymerization Maitiro ose ethylene uye propylene kuratidza chairwo namakemikari ehupfumi nokugarwa nhengo dzose vekirasi olefins. Zita iri zvisingatarisirwi kirasi iyi yaiva yekare zita rinoshandiswa mafuta makemikari indasitiri. Muzana remakore rechi18 ethylene chloride zvakanzi ndawana, iyo yaiva jikichira zvokunwa fuma.

Pakati zviri nhengo dzose boka unsaturated aliphatic Mahydrocarbon cherechedza kuvapo mavari miviri chisungo.

Yakakura polymerization pamusoro propylene chinotsanangurwa nokuvapo iri nemamiriro fuma kaviri chisungo.

The vakawanda fomura

Vamiririri Vose homologous dzinotevedzana ose alkenes vakawanda payakavakirwa ane chimiro C _N H _2n. Kushomeka uwandu rehydrogen marongerwo chikabviswa anotsanangura makemikari ehupfumi pamusoro Mahydrocarbon izvi.

Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nemapinduriro pakati polymerization ose propylene vanoshandiswa simbiso yakadaro mukana discontinuity yokukurukurirana kushandisa yakakwirira tembiricha uye tiwedzere.

Unsaturated kukuru inonzi allyl kana 2-propenyl. Sei polymerization pamusoro propylene rinoitwa? Zvinobikwa nekuita ichi rinoshanda kuti kwetunhu chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha, izvo zvinozoita zviri kudiwa vemazuva namakemikari indasitiri.

mumuviri ehupfumi

Propylene polymerization The mukana wokuti vanhu vanga rinosimbisa kwete chete makemikari, asi ehupfumi ari pfuma chaiko. Propylene chinhu gaseous chete pasi Kubika pfungwa uye kunyunguduka. Mumiriri vekirasi alkenes ane kunyora nezvavo solubility mvura.

mushonga ehupfumi

Equations propylene polymerization maitiro isobutylene uye anoratidza kuti nedanho kwakapetwa kaviri chisungo. Dzakakodzera monomers ndivo alkenes, uye magumo zvibereko nekuita ichi ndiyo polypropylene uye polyisobutylene. Kuti kabhoni-kabhoni nechisungo kudyidzana akadaro ruchakoromoka, uye pakupedzisira ndizvo zvinoumba zvakakodzera hurongwa.

The chisungo miviri nokuumbwa zvisungo zvitsva kuroorwa. Sezvo propylene polymerization kwaitika? The mashandiro uyu muitiro rakafanana muitiro zvichiitika dzimwe nhengo dzose mukirasi iyi unsaturated Mahydrocarbon.

The polymerization maitiro propylene kunosanganisira zvakawanda embodiments leakage. Muchiitiko chokutanga kwacho rinoitwa ari gasi Pasika. Maererano wechipiri musimboti, maitiro rinobva mune mvura chokutambudzika.

Uyezve, propylene uye polymerization kunopfuurira vamwe zvisingachashandi muitiro dzinoshandiswa sezvo zvakaitwa svikiro munhu nomuti emura yeHydrocarbon.

yazvino

Propylene polymerization zvakawanda pamusoro Spheripol zvemichina kunosanganisira kuva slurry reactor kuti pagadzirwe homopolymers. Kwacho kunosanganisira kushandisa gasi-danho reactor psevdozhidkostnym rukoko kusika misa copolymers. Panyaya iyi, iyo propylene polymerization zvakaitwa kunosanganisira kuwedzera mamwe midziyo enderana catalysts, uye kuitisa prepolymerization.

gadzira Features

Nzira kunosanganisira nokusanganisa zvakamisa hurongwa ari mudziyo unokosha rakagadzirirwa pre-kushanduka. Next, muvhenganiswa iri akawedzera polymerization loop reactor pane mbuva, uye sehydrogen, uye pedza propylene.

Basa reactors rinoitwa dzimwe tembiricha kubvira 65 kusvika 80 Celsius. The kumanikidzwa munyika hazvirevi pfuura 40 nomuzariro. Reactors vari akarongwa series, zvinoshandiswa mafekitari zvakagadzirirwa kugadzira Mavhoriyamu yakakura polymer zvigadzirwa.

Kubva wechipiri reactor, kuti polymer mhinduro rakabvisirwa. Polymerization kuti propylene iri mhinduro kunosanganisira kuchinjwa pressurized degasser. Pane akatakurwa kubvisa particulate homopolymer nemvura monomer.

kugadzirwa misa copolymers

Propylene polymerization mukana wokuti vanhu vanga CH2 = CH - CH3 mumamiriro ezvinhu ane mwero percolation mashandiro, pane misiyano chete ari ezvinhu acho. Pamwe chete propylene uye ethene upfu kubva degasser ari gasi danho reactor kushanda pane imwe tembiricha anenge 70 Celsius uye kumanikidzwa asingapfuuri 15 nomuzariro.

Block copolymers pashure kubviswa kubva reactor zvokudya kune chaiwo chiutsi particulate polymer kubva monomer gadziriro.

Polymerization kuti propylene uye butadiene zvazvinoita nemishonga mhando rinobvumira kushandiswa yechipiri gasi danho reactor. Kunoitawo kuti kuwedzera padanho propylene ari polymer. Uyezve, zvinoita kuti vawedzere yokuvirisa kune rapera chigadzirwa, kushandiswa granulation kunoita kuti unhu kunoguma chigadzirwa.

Specificity pamusoro polymerization pamusoro alkenes

Pane zvimwe kusiyana pakati kuita polyethylene uye polypropylene. Propylene polymerization The mukana wokuti vanhu vanga unobvumidza kunzwisisa kuti zvinotarisirwa kushanda kunoita tembiricha. Uyezve, vamwe kusiyana kuripo wokupedzisira pavaipfuura muitiro cheni, uyewo dzine kushandiswa okupedzisira zvigadzirwa.

The peroxide kushandiswa Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, vane kwazvo rheological ehupfumi. Ivo akakwidziridzwa kwevari uchanyangadika aibuda, zvenyama ehupfumi dzakafanana zvokuvakisa avo vane vakaderera uchanyangadika chokubuda indekisi a.

Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti kuva chakanakisisa rheological ehupfumi, rinoshandiswa jekiseni Kuumbwa kwacho, uye nyaya mukugadzira fibers.

Kuti uvandudze pachena uye simba polymeric zvinhu vagadziri vanoedza kuwedzera kuita musanganiswa crystallizes chaiwo yokuvirisa. Chikamu polypropylene segirazi zvinhu zvishoma nezvishoma kutsiva nezvimwe mumunda nokurova Kuumbwa uye Kudzingwa zvisikwa.

polymerization Features

Polymerization kuti propylene pamberi kusashanda kabhoni anobuda nokukurumidza. Ari Pari kuiswa kabhoni tiwedzere kunzwisisa ane kuchinja simbi, kwakavakirwa adsorptive anokwanisa kabhoni. The polymerization chigadzirwa inotengwa kuva chakanakisisa woshanda maitiro.

The chikuru parameters ari polymerization kwacho anoita maitiro mwero uye samolecular uremu uye stereoisomeric Kuronga polymer. Kukosha uye ane muviri uye namakemikari hunhu nokuva gombedzero, polymerization unosvikirwa, mwero wokuchena nemapinduriro hurongwa zvinoriumba.

Linear polymer inotengwa mu homogeneous uye heterogeneous chokutambudzika, kana mubvunzo ethylene. Chikonzero ndechokuti pasina pfuma regioisomers. Kuti vawane isotactic polypropylene, edza kushandisa yakasimba titanium chloride uye aruminiyamu yeimwe.

In kushandisa zvakaoma adsorbed pamusoro crystalline titanium chloride (3), zvinobvira kuwana chigadzirwa pamwe vaida unhu. keriya yekamuri kakawanda hachisi chikonzero kwakakwanira kuwana refu stereospecificity pamusoro tiwedzere. Somuenzaniso, kana yaakasarudza titanium iodide (3) pane ari kuwana zvakawanda atactic polymer.

The pamusoro tiwedzere zvinoriumba ndivo Lewis chimiro, saka chokuita kusarudzwa svikiro. Chinonyanya zvakanaka zvakatipoteredza kushandisa inert Mahydrocarbon. Sezvo titanium chloride (5) ndiro rinoita adsorbent, vakasarudzwa kunyanya aliphatic Mahydrocarbon. Sezvo propylene polymerization kwaitika? Product fomura iri (-CH ₂ -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -) n. akafanana kumashoko munobuda mune dzimwe nhengo ichi homologous dzino pacharo kuita algorithm.

mushonga kudyidzana

Ongorora zvinhu nzira kuti kudyidzana propylene. Tichifunga kuti maumbirwo awo ane ukama kaviri, zvikuru kuitike chaiyo nokuparadzwa kwayo.

The halogenation rinoitwa panguva ambient tembiricha. Panzvimbo zvakaoma mukana kunoitika unimpeded accession halogen. It akaumba digalogenproizvodnoe remubatanidzwa Somugumisiro kudyidzana ichi. Chakaomesesa chinhu kuitika iodization. Bromination uye chlorination unobuda pasina mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu uye simba mari. Fluorination kuti propylene anobuda nokunganduma kune simba.

The hydrogenation zvakaitwa kunosanganisira kushandisa zvimwe akisarareta. Nokuva gombedzero anoita se Platinum, nickel. Somugumisiro kwemakemikari kusakarongeka pakati propylene pamwe rehydrogen, propane akanga vanowanika - mumiririri vekirasi nomuti Mahydrocarbon.

Hydration (mvura kubatana) iri kuitwa VV Markovnikov utongi. Chaizvoizvo Its kunoratidzwa asapinda kaviri chisungo kuti hydrogen Atomu kabhoni ose propylene iyo ine kunonyanyisa chitsama. Pakazoti halogen wanamatira C, iyo ine nhamba yepasi pasi rehydrogen.

Nokuti propylene chaiwo combustion mhepo yakachena. Somugumisiro nekuita ichi kuwanikwa huru zvigadzirwa maviri: carbon dioxide, mvura nemhute.

Kana zviito makemikari simba oxidants akadai potassium permanganate, zviri akaona atindivare. Pakati kuita chigadzirwa chinhu dihydric doro (glycol).

Kugadzirira propylene

Nzira All inogona mapoka mapoka maviri makuru: mumarabhoritari, maindasitiri. Murabhoritari vanogona kuwana propylene pamwe kubviswa rehydrogen halide kubva pokutangira haloalkyl kana pachena kuti doro mhinduro kuti yavaibvisa hydroxide.

Propylene iri zvinoberekwa CATALYTIC hydrogenation kuti propyne. nefuma pasi Murabhoritari ezvinhu chingawanikwa kupera mvura mumuviri kuti propanol-1. Izvi kwemakemikari kuita unoshandiswa sezvo anowedzera kuti phosphoric kana sulfuric acid, aruminiyamu oxide.

How kuti propylene akawanda? Nokuti kuti hunhu makemikari hariwanikwi, pokuikurukura maindasitiri embodiments dzayo chionekeso. Rakajairika ndiyo kusarudzwa kubva alkene kubva peturu zvigadzirwa.

Somuenzaniso, muna oiri ichakasangana nezvimwewo cracking walnut huchiita fluidized mubhedha. Propylene inotengwa nokuda pyrolysis peturu hacho. Pari alkene uye vasave aishamwaridzana gasi, gaseous zvibereko coking marasha.

Pane zvakasiyana-siyana zvaramba zviri propylene pyrolysis:

• mu chubhu yamavira;
• ari reactor uchishandisa Goldstone coolant;
• Yakobson urongwa;
• autothermal pyrolysis pamusoro Bartlomiej nzira.

Pakati nemaindasitiri zvinofanira kucherechedzwa ruzivo uye CATALYTIC dehydrogenation pamusoro nomuti Mahydrocarbon.

kunyoresa

Propylene ane siyana mafomu, uye naizvozvo yakabereka pamwero mu indasitiri. Kuonekwa kwake unsaturated yeHydrocarbon wakasungwa inoshanda Natta. Muzana remakore mid-maviri achishandisa Ziegler, yakatanga polymerization rwokugadzira.

Natta isotactic Rinotarisira kuwana chigadzirwa yainzi navo isotactic, sezvo mamiriro mapoka methyl vanosarudzirwa rimwe divi cheni. With musimboti ichi, "kavha" ari polymer mamorekuru, kwaizoita polymeric acho ane kwazvo zvemaziso maitiro. Polypropylene rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers, sezvo vaizviti mune epurasitiki guru.

Anenge gumi muzana mafuta ukapisa kuti kugadzirwa propylene oxide kwayo. Kusvikira pakati rokupedzisira remakore, zvinhu izvi Organic rwaiwanikwa nokuda chlorohydrin nzira. The kuita zvakabuda kuburikidza inotungamirwa zvenguva propilenhlorgidrina. In zvemichina ichi ane zvimwe zvainovhiringidzawo izvo chokuita nokushandiswa kuiisa chlorine zvinodhura uye hydrated madota.

Mazuvano chalcone kwacho kwakatsiva kwemichina. Zvinonzi inobva makemikari kusakarongeka pakati propene pamwe hydroperoxides. Propylene oxide rinoshandiswa kwetunhu propilengligolya kuenda kugadzira polyurethane furo. Ivo vanoonekwa rakaisvonaka kuvhunduka rokutora zvinhu, saka endai pakasikwa kavha, rugs, fenicha, kupisa insulating zvinhu, mvura uye sorbent firita zvenhau.

Uyezve, pakati chikuru mafomu ose propylene zvakakodzera kutaura kwetunhu acetone uye isopropyl doro. Isopropyl doro, ari rakaisvonaka solvent, runoonekwa chinokosha namakemikari zvigadzirwa. Mukutanga ramakumi remakore, makemikari chigadzirwa inotengwa nevanhu sulfuric asidhi nzira.

Uyezve, mabikirwo rakananga hydration pakati propene kuti sumo kupinda maitiro musanganiswa acidic catalysts. Inenge hafu yevanhu vose anobudiswa propanol achipinda acetone usage. Izvi zvakaitwa kunosanganisira kubviswa rehydrogen rinoitwa pa 380 Celsius. Catalysts mune izvi ndizvo zingi uye mhangura.

Pakati zvinokosha sectors wokushandiswa propylene hydroformylation chatinokoshesa. Prop anoenda kugadzirwa aldehydes. Oksisintez munyika yedu yakatanga kushandiswa kubva pakati rokupedzisira remakore. Parizvino, ichi kuita inoita basa rinokosha mune petrochemical indasitiri. Makemikari maitiro propylene pamwe kwetunhu gasi (musanganiswa carbon monoxide uye rehydrogen) pane imwe tembiricha kuti 180 inegumi, asi cobalt oxide tiwedzere uye kumanikidzwa atmospheres 250 iri vaichengeta paumbwe aldehydes maviri. Mumwe ane dzose chimiro, wechipiri - curved kabhoni cheni.

Pakarepo mushure kuwanikwa iyi, ndiyo iri kuita razova ainyanya kutsvakurudza kuti masayendisiti akawanda. Vakatsvaka nzira kuderedza zvinhu zviri parinowanika, akaedza kuderedza chikamu kunoguma musanganiswa mapazi aldehyde mamiriro.

Nokuti chinangwa ichi chakange afunga mari pezvakaitwa dzinosanganisira kushandiswa nevamwe catalysts. Zvaibvira kuderedza tembiricha, kumanikidza, mukanyanyisa zvibereko Linear aldehyde mamiriro.

Esters ose acrylic asidhi izvo uyewo chokuita polymerization pamusoro propylene rinoshandiswa sezvo copolymers. About 15 muzana petrochemical propene inoshandiswa sezvo pokutangira mashoko kusika akrionitrila. The Organic zvinoriumba inodiwa kuti kugadzirwa zvinokosha namakemikari faibha - nitrone, kusikwa mapurasitiki, rabha kugadzirwa.

mhedziso

Polypropylene anonzi zvino kupfuura petrochemical kugadzirwa. Kudiwa yepamusoro uye rweruzhinji polymer kunowedzera, saka zviri zvishoma nezvishoma kutsiva polyethylene. Zviri hunokosha kusika vanachandagwinyira kavha, ndiro, mafirimu, motokari nhengo, chakaita zvokugadzirwa bepa, tambo, kapeti zvidimbu, uyewo kuti pave zvakasiyana-siyana mhuri midziyo yemagetsi. Mukutanga-maviri rokutanga remakore polypropylene Kugadzirwa pokutanga wechipiri ari polymer indasitiri. Kufungisisa zvinodiwa maindasitiri akasiyana, tinogona kugumisa kuti munguva yemberi iri pedyo zvinowanzoitwa pamwero mukuru pakuburitswa propylene uye ethylene.