Inotungamirwa, Secondary dzidzo uye zvikoro
The vakawanda nzira nokuda alkenes. Properties uye characterization pamusoro alkenes
Chinonyanya nyore Organic yeimwe anosanganisa yakazara uye unsaturated Mahydrocarbon. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu Zvinokonzerwa alkanes, alkynes, alkenes.
The yemaitiro izvo zvinosanganisira rehydrogen uye kabhoni maatomu ari yakananga kutevedzana uye uwandu. Vanowanzoororwa kuwanikwa zvakasikwa.
Kutsunga alkenes
Other zita ravo - kana Mahydrocarbon olefins ethylene. Zvinonzi atumidzwa boka yeimwe vanoshingaira muzana remakore rechi18 apo kuvhura jikichira mvura - ethylene chloride.
By alkenes muri zvinhu rinoumbwa kabhoni uye rehydrogen zvinhu. Vanopinda acyclic Mahydrocarbon. mamorekuru izvi varipo chete kaviri (unsaturated) chisungo unobva maviri kabhoni maatomu kune mumwe.
fomura alkenes
Kirasi neimwe yeimwe ane mushonga izita. The zviratidzo ndivo zvemamiriro periodic hurongwa akaratidza murwiyo uye urongwa kubatana nerimwe fuma.
The vakawanda yokuita alkenes runotaurwa sezvinotevera: C N H 2n, apo nhamba N mukuru kana kuenzana 2. Kana achiongorora zvaive chinogona kuonekwa kuti mumwe kabhoni atomu anofanira rehydrogen maatomu maviri.
Molecular payakavakirwa alkenes ari homologous dzakatevedzana anomirirwa zvinotevera hurongwa: C 2 H 4, C 3 H 6, C 4 H 8, C 5 H 10, C 6 H 12, C 7 H 14, C 8 H 16, C 9 H 18, C 10 H 20. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti mumwe anotevedzana yeHydrocarbon ine mamwe kabhoni iri 2 uye mamwe rehydrogen.
Pane graphical nzvimbo chiratidzo uye sezvakarayirwa makemikari pakati maatomu ari Morekuru, izvo zvinoratidza STRUCTURAL yokuita alkenes. Achibatsirwa Valence zvinoratidzwa kabhoni uye rehydrogen.
Alkenes STRUCTURAL payakavakirwa anogona kuratidzwa chokuwedzera chimiro, kana kuratidzwa, zvose zvine maatomu akafanana uye kubatana. A zvakawanda muchidimbu mashoko hakuratidzwi olefins kabhoni remubatanidzwa uye rehydrogen achishandisa Valencia.
Formula skeletal ratidzai nyore mamiriro. Broken mutsetse anomiririra nheyo Morekuru umo kabhoni maatomu dzinoturwa pamwe misoro yayo uye migumo, uye rehydrogen pfungwa Links.
How kuumba zita olefins
Pachishandiswa hurongwa Nomenclature, nzira uye mazita alkenes kubva alkanes zvinoumba mamiriro chokuita nomuti Mahydrocarbon. Kuti vaite izvi muzita rokupedzisira suffix -imba yakatsiviwa -ilen kana -en. Muenzaniso paumbwe butane-butylene uye pentene kubva pentane.
Kuratidza chinzvimbo hama kuti kaviri kubatana kwakaita kabhoni maatomu akaratidza Arabic sezviverengo pakuguma zita.
At moyo mazita alkenes ndiyo pakunzi iri yeHydrocarbon pamwe wakarebesa cheni iyo kaviri chisungo aripo. Panguva kutanga nendima cheni iri yemanyorero vakasarudzwa kuguma riri pedyo unsaturated mukomboni, carbon maatomu.
Kana STRUCTURAL yokuita alkenes ane mapazi kuti anoratidza radicals zita uye nhamba, uye kuti vapiwewo digits nzvimbo runoenzanirana ari kabhoni cheni. Uchiteverwa zita yeHydrocarbon. Mushure nhamba zvinowa- akaisa hyphen.
Pane unsaturated okunyanyisa nenhungirwa. mazita avo vanogona kuva zvenhando kana inoumbwa nemitemo enderana Nomenclature.
Somuenzaniso, NSC = CH- akataura ethenyl kana raive nebutiro.
isomers
Molecular payakavakirwa alkenes varege kuratidza isomerism. Zvisinei, nokuti boka iri zvinhu, kunze ethylene Morekuru tinoberekwa spatial kushanduka.
Isomers ethylenic Mahydrocarbon vanogona kuva pamusoro kabhoni marangwanda, pamusoro unsaturated kutaurirana chinzvimbo interclass kana spatial.
The vakawanda yokuita alkenes anosarudza uwandu kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu ari cheni, asi haaratidzi kuvapo uye nzvimbo miviri chisungo mairi. Muenzaniso uri cyclopropane pamuchinjikwa-kirasi Isomer C 3 H 6 (propylene). Other mhando isomerism, zvinoratidzwa pana C 4 H 8 kana butene.
Miscellaneous unsaturated Kukurukura chinzvimbo rikaitika butene-1 kana butene-2, mumutsetse wokutanga, miviri kubatana pedyo wokutanga kabhoni atomu, uye yechipiri - iri pakati cheni. Isomers ose kabhoni marangwanda anogona kunzi somuenzaniso methylpropene (CH 3 -C (CH 3) = CH 2) uye isobutylene ((CH3) 2C = CH 2).
Spatial kushanduka yokusafa butene-2 uye Kishi-mhiri chinzvimbo. Muchiitiko chokutanga mapoka divi chiri pamusoro uye pazasi huru kabhoni cheni miviri chisungo iri isomer substituents wechipiri vari kudivi rimwe.
Zvinoitwa olefins
The vakawanda payakavakirwa nokuti alkenes anosarudza mamiriro nhengo dzose dzeboka iri panyama. Kutanga kugumira ethylene butylene (C 2 C 4), zvinhu zviripo mune gaseous chimiro. Saka Hauoneki ethene ane sweetish kwakanaka, pasi solubility mumvura, samolecular uremu shoma kudarika mhepo.
Iri mvura, akapa Mahydrocarbon homologous nguva kubva C 5 C 17. Kutanga alkene une chikuru ngetani 18 kabhoni maatomu, kuchinja rwomuviri neHurumende yakasimba chimiro.
olefins All chinzvimbo murombo solubility mu aqueous nhau, asi vakanaka makemikari yezvakaita solvent, zvakadai benzene kana peturu. Ravo samolecular kurema ipfupi emvura. Kuwedzera kabhoni cheni zvinoisa kuwedzera tembiricha unhu kubudikidza utsotso uye Kubika dzinokosha yeimwe izvi.
ehupfumi olefins
Structural payakavakirwa alkenes chinoratidza kuvapo kaviri chisungo ari marangwanda uye σ- pakati π- unobatanidza maviri kabhoni maatomu. maumbirwo ichi Morekuru kunotema ayo namakemikari ehupfumi. Kukurukurirana-π anoonekwa kuti kwete chaizvo simba, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise vauparadze nokuumbwa mbiri itsva zvisungo-σ, izvo vakawana somugumisiro kubatana mbiri kwemaatomu. The unsaturated Mahydrocarbon vari Erekitironi vaipa. Vanotora chikamu mune dzinotsanagura electrophilic mhando kubatana.
An chinokosha makemikari pfuma alkenes chinhu halogenation kwacho pamwe nokubudiswa yeimwe yakadaro digalogenoproizvodnym zvinhu. Halogen maatomu chinogona kubatanidzwa mukomboni kubudikidza kaviri carbons. Muenzaniso uri bromination kuti propylene kuumba 1,2-dibromopropane:
H 2 C = CH-CH 3 + Br 2 → BrCH 2 -CHBr-CH 3.
Izvi neutralization kwacho nemavara bromine mvura alkenes vaiona Qualitative uchapupu pamberi kaviri chisungo.
Maitiro Zvinokosha olifinov anorondedzera hydrogenation pamwe kuwedzera rehydrogen mamorekuru pasi zvinoitwa tiwedzere nesimbi akadai Platinum, palladium kana nickel. Izvi zvinoguma Mahydrocarbon aine nomuti chisungo. Yemaitiro alkanes, alkenes anopiwa pazasi ari hydrogenation pamusoro butene:
CH 3 -CH 2 -CH = CH 2 + H 2 → CH 3 Ni -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3.
Muitiro zvokubatanidza halide mamorekuru anonzi olefins
gidrogalogenirovaniem vachipfuura ushe, yakazaruka Markovnikov. Muenzaniso uri hydrobromination kuti propylene kuti aumbe 2-bromopropane. Zvinonzi kwakabatana hydrogen-kabhoni kaviri chisungo, izvo vaiona Wekumusoro hydrogenated:
CH 3 -CH = CH 2 + HBr → CH 3 -BrCH-CH 3.
alkenes mvura Kuwedzera maitiro pamwe acids rinozivikanwa hydration. Zvinoguma morekuru doro 2-propanol :
CH 3 -HC = CH 2 + H 2 O → CH 3 -OHCH-CH 3.
Kana vachibatwa alkenes sulfuric iine acid sulfonation kwacho kunoitika:
CH 3 -HC = CH 2 + HO-OSO-OH → CH 3 -CH 3 CH-OSO 2 -OH.
The kuita rinobva nokuumbwa asidhi esters, semuenzaniso, izopropilsernoy acid.
Alkenes kubatwa oxidation munguva combustion zvavo pasi chiito reokisijeni kuti aumbe mvura uye carbon dioxide:
2Mak 3 -HC = CH 2 + 9O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6 2 O.
Zvingaitwa olefinic yeimwe uye sanganisa potassium permanganate mune mhinduro tibvunze kuti chivako glycols kana dihydric alcohols. Uku kuita zvakare oxidising kuumbika ethylene glycol uye bleaching mhinduro:
3h 2 C = CH 2 + 4h 2 Haiwa + 2KMnO 4 → 3OHCH-CHOH + 2MnO 2 + 2KOH.
Alkene Morekuru vangave munyaya polymerization ane akasununguka kukuru kana cationic-anionic mashandiro. Muchiitiko chokutanga, achifuridzirwa peroxides vakawana polyethylene mhando polymer.
Maererano wechipiri mashandiro cationic catalysts ndivo asidhi uye anionic yomuchipatara vari organometallic polymer pamwe yavaive stereoselective.
Chii alkanes
Dzinonzi paraffins kana kuderedza acyclic Mahydrocarbon. Vane Linear kana mapazi yakarongeka, rine zvisungo kuroorwa chete nomuti. Nhengo dzose pakati homologous dzinotevedzana mukirasi iyi vane zvavo payakavakirwa C N H 2n + 2.
In mamiriro avo rine chete kabhoni uye rehydrogen maatomu. The vakawanda nzira yacho alkene aumba notation nomuti Mahydrocarbon.
Mazita alkanes vavo unhu
Nyore mumiririri mukirasi iyi methane. Achiteverwa zvinhu zvakadai ethane, propane uye butane. Nezvezita yavo pamudzi nhamba mumutauro wechiGiriki, kuti icho akawedzera suffix -imba. Mazita Alkanes akarongwa muna IUPAC Nomenclature.
The vakawanda nzira nokuda alkenes, alkynes, alkanes zvinosanganisira maviri chete marudzi kwemaatomu. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinhu kabhoni uye rehydrogen. Kuwanda kabhoni maatomu mune zvose nemakirasi matatu machisi musiyano iri kuchengetwa chete kwenhamba rehydrogen anogona wakanamatira kana kujoina. Of zvine Mahydrocarbon vakawana unsaturated yeimwe. The vamiririri paraffins zviri morekuru 2 rehydrogen atomu kupfuura olefin, iyo inosimbisa wemauto yokuita alkanes, alkenes. Alkenes mamiriro ichaongororwa nokuda pamberi unsaturated kaviri chisungo.
Kana tikaenzanisa uwandu sehydrogen kabhoni maatomu ari alkane, kufadza ukoshi achava kuenzaniswa nemamwe makirasi Mahydrocarbon.
Sezvo methane uye kupedza butane (C 1 kusvika C 4), zvinhu zviripo mune gaseous chimiro.
Iri mvura, akapa Mahydrocarbon homologous nguva kubva C 5 C 16. Sezvo alkane une chikuru ngetani 17 kabhoni maatomu, kuchinja rwomuviri neHurumende yakasimba chimiro.
Vari kuzivikanwa isomerism pamusoro kabhoni marangwanda uye Manyiminya okunatsiridza yacho Morekuru.
The paraffins kabhoni valences vanoonekwa zvakazara kubatikana pedyo carbons kana rehydrogen chokuumba kubatana σ-mhando. Kubva makemikari Mukuona, ichi chinoita ehupfumi dzavo simba, ndokusaka alkanes dzinonzi muganhu kana zvine Mahydrocarbon vasina sungano.
Ivo kupinda kuzvitsinhanisa Zvinoitwa chokuita halogenation kubudikidza yakakura mhando nitration sulfochlorination kana Morekuru.
Paraffins vanosangana inofanira oxidation, combustion kana manyowa panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Pasi chiito accelerators cleavage kuitike rehydrogen atomu kana dehydrogenation kuti alkanes.
Chii alkynes
Vari ainziwo acetylene Mahydrocarbon, umo kabhoni aripo ari cheni chisungo katatu. The nemamiriro alkyne inotsanangurwa vakawanda payakavakirwa C N H 2 N-2. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti vakasiyana alkanes kubva acetylenic Mahydrocarbon achishaiwa zvina rehydrogen maatomu. Ivo kutsiva chisungo katatu, inoumbwa zviviri π- kubatana.
mamiriro ichi anosarudza makemikari ehupfumi dzeboka ichi. The STRUCTURAL yokuita alkenes uye alkynes unoratidza unsaturation pamusoro mamorekuru uye kuvapo kaviri (H 2 C꞊CH 2), uye katatu (HC≡CH) chokuita.
Name alkynes vavo unhu
Mumiriri nyore ndiyo acetylene kana HC≡CH. Zvinonzi zvakare kunzi ethynyl. It anowana kubva zita zvine yeHydrocarbon, izvo akabvisa suffix -imba uye wedzera -zvinoshevedzera. In mazita refu-alkyne mufananidzo anoratidza nzvimbo yacho chisungo katatu.
Kuziva nemamiriro yeHydrocarbon zvakakangwa uye unsaturated, chinogona tsunga pasi tsamba anoreva vakawanda payakavakirwa kuti alkynes: a) CnH2n; a) CnH2n + 2; c) CnH2n-2; g) CnH2n-6. Mhinduro yakarurama ndiyo pfungwa yechitatu.
Kubvira acetylene uye kupedza butane (C 2 C 4), zvinhu zviri gaseous zvakasikwa.
Iri mvura Mahydrocarbon vari homologous nguva kubva C 5 C 17. Kutanga alkyne une chikuru ngetani 18 kabhoni maatomu, kuchinja rwomuviri neHurumende yakasimba chimiro.
Vari kuzivikanwa isomerism pamusoro kabhoni marangwanda, pamusoro Status kukurukurirana katatu uye interclass kunatsiridza Morekuru.
By kwemakemikari Unhu yakafanana acetylenic Mahydrocarbon alkenes.
Kana chinouraya alkyne chisungo katatu, ivo ishande iumbe iine acid basa alkinidov munyu, semuenzaniso, NaC≡CNa. Kuvapo maviri π-zvisungo anoita Morekuru yakasimba nucleophile yavaibvisa atsetiledina kupinda kuzvitsinhanisa zvavaifunga.
Acetylene ari chlorinated pamberi hwemhangura chloride kuwana dichloroacetyl, condensation pasi zvinoitwa yokusunungurwa haloalkynyl diacetylenic mamorekuru.
Alkynes havagovani electrophilic kuwedzera siyana, nheyo iyo irimo halogenation gidrogalogenirovaniya, hydration uye carbonylation. Zvisinei, pezvakaitwa kwakadaro kusimba kupfuura alkenes vane miviri chisungo.
For acetylenic Mahydrocarbon anogona nucleophilic Kuwedzera maitiro doro mhando Morekuru, chikuru amine kana sulfide.
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