Izwi rokuti "Stolypin's tie": zvinorevei?

Pyotr Stolypin aiva mutevedzeri wematongerwo enyika, mutongi mukuru. Akazvarwa muna 1862 muDresden, ndokufira muKievna muna 1911. Panguva dzakasiyana-siyana, Stolypin akabata nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana. Saka, ndiye aiva gavhuna wenyika yevakuru veKovno, vaSaratov neGrodno magavhuna, mutungamiriri wehurumende uye mushumiri wepamberi yenyika.

Brief biography

Mune nhoroondo yeRussia pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20, Stolypin akazozivikanwa semunhu wezvematongerwo enyika uye anochinja. Basa rayo raiva rakakosha mukudzvinyirira kwekutambudzika kwe 1905-1907. Muna 1906, Nicholas II akamupa basa reMutungamiri weNyika Yenyika. Dzimwe nguva mushure meizvi, Hurumende neHurumende Duma yekutanga kokorodzano dzakaparadzwa. Stolypin, iyewo, akasarudzwa hurumende. Ari pachinzvimbo chake chitsva, chaakabata kusvika pakufa kwake, akabata zvikwereti zvakawanda. Munhoroondo, nguva iyi inoratidzirwa segadziriro yekugadzirisa. Zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvekuvandudzwa kwaiva kuiswa kweimwe pfuma yeimba yevarimi. Mutemo wakagamuchirwa pamatare ehondo wakaomesa chirango chemhosva dzakakomba. Nokudaro, Stolypin akatsoropodzwa nekuda kweizvi. Pakati pezvimwe zviitiko zvinotungamirirwa naHurumende, zvakakosha kucherechedza kuiswa kwezemstvo kumapurovhinzi ekumadokero, kukanganisa kwekuzvidzivirira kweGreat Duchy weFinland, kupererwa kwechipiri Duma, kuchinja mumutemo wekusarudzwa. Zvose izvi zvigadziriswe zvakabatanidzwa mukuderedza kwekusagadzikana kwe 1905-1907. Nebasa raPyotr Arkadevich mitsara miviri yakabatanidzwa, iyo yakava mapapiro: "Stolypin's tie" uye "Stolypin ngoro". Aya mazwi maviri, maererano nevanyori vezvakaitika kare, vatiza zita remuvandudzi. Ngationei chinokonzera pfungwa iyi.

"Stolypin's tie"

Izwi iri rine mapapiro kwenguva yakareba rakashandura zita remunhu mukuru weRussia. Petr Arkadevich akasiyana nemaitiro ake ekunyora. Izvi zvakagara zvichisimbiswa pamisangano yeDuma. Pane chimwe chazvo chakaonekwa izwi rokuti "Stolypin's tie". Gore iro chiitiko chacho chakaitika muna 1907. Musangano wakaitwa musi waNovember 17 (maererano neshoko rekare). Munyori wemashoko okuti "Stolypin tie" (chithunzi chemugadziri anowanikwa munyaya yacho) - Fedor Rodichev. Ichi chikwata chakakurumbira chakasimuka chichienda kumatombo. Kutanga kwekutaura kwake kwakakonzera kutsamwa kwevatungamiriri. Achienderera mberi nokutaura kwake, Rodichev akaramba achizorora. Uye mumutsamwa wake akayeuka mazwi "Muravyov's collar" naPurishkevich. Yakanga iri pamusoro pemabasa eGeneral Muraviev, akabatanidzwa nekudzingwa kweKurwisana kwePoland muna 1863. Maererano nezvinyorwa zvemu musangano, Rodichev akati: "Chii chainzi muralav Muravyov ichazonzi" Stolypin's tie. "Tsanangudzo yakapiwa naRochechev yakakurudzira tambo yematanda.

Kuita kwevatongi

Chimwe chitsva chehasha chakatsvaira muimba yacho pakarepo. Vakuru vese kumativi ose vakadanidzira kuti zvaiva zvakashata uye kusatendeseka kunyorera mumiriri wemambo. Zvadaro vamwe vavo vakaenda kunhandare ndokuedza kumanikidza Rodichev kuti atore kubva kwaari. VaMateu vaiva nemafungiro akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika uye maonero. Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, vose zvavo vakaratidza mafungiro avo akaipa kwazvo kune chiitiko chacho. Kutaura kweCadet kwakatsoropodzwa naPurishkevich pachake. Somugumisiro, musangano weDuma wakavhiringidzwa. Pakutanga kuchema, kumira uye kunetseka, Stolypin akasiya mukamuri. Sachigaro weDuma Khomyakov uye vashumiri vakamutevera.

"Chiitiko chakaneta"

Stolypin, semunhu mukuru, mukupura kwakapfuura mutambo we cadet kune duel. Pakarepo mushure mokugamuchira mashoko, Rodichev akakurumidza kuenda kuPyotr Arkadevich uye pamberi pezvapupu zvakawanda akakumbira ruregerero, apfidza pane zvaakaita. Stolypin akakanganwira Cadet. Chiitiko chacho chakanga chapera. Nhau dzekuregerera kwaRochechev dzakakurumidza kupararira zvakapoteredza vatungamiri, zvichiita kuti vanhu vanyarare. Zvisinei, maererano nevanoona, shure kwechiitiko ichi, Stolypin haana kuzowedzerazve ruvo rwaRochechev. Hurumende Duma yakatora matanho pakarepo. Nokuda kwemashoko ake okuti "Mvura yakadzika" Rodichev akabviswa pamisangano 15.

"Nhema Yenhumudziro"

Ichi chiitiko chinogona kuramba chiri chikamu chenyaya yacho. Zvisinei, nhema yacho yakatanga kurarama hupenyu hwayo. NeVaBolsheviki vachiisa mashoko okuti "Stolypin tie" zvinoreva kurangwa kwevanhu vasina mhosva nechisarudzo chemareji ehondo, avo vane simba rakapiwa nevanoshandura. Mune rimwe remashoko ake, Lenin akanyora nezvePyotr Arkadyevich se "muchengeti we-ober uye mupromromist, uyo akazvigadzirira pabasa rehufundisi nematambudziko evarimi."

Uyezve nhoroondo

Pasina mubvunzo, vaBolshevik vakakoniwa kukanganwira Stolypin kugamuchirwa kwemutemo pamatare ehondo akaedza kudzima moto wekupandukira, kumisa kupamba uye chisimba chekuvandudzwa kwe 1905-1907. Mukuwedzera, kuchinja kwakarongedza kutanga kwema1917 kupopotedzana. Pasi pesimba reSoviet, nhema dzakadzungaira kubva kune rimwe bhuku remabhuku kune rimwe. Mutsara wekuti "Stolypin's tie" pasi pekutungamirirwa nehurumende yekomunisist inenge yakanyorwa. Pane imwe nguva basa rose rekushandurwa kwaPetro Arkadievich rakaderedzwa chete kumashoko aya. Mune chimiro ichi, mutsara wokuti "Stolypin's tie", chaizvoizvo, wakararama kusvikira nhasi.

Socotravel

Maererano neongororo, mune imwe yehutano hwemasangano evanhu 22% chete yevanhu vakapindura vaiziva nhoroondo chaiye yechitarisiko chemutsara we "Stolypin tie". 9% yevakapindura vakafunga kuti fomu iyi yakaratidza kutsamwa kwevanhu pamusoro pekudzoka kwevanhu, kuurayiwa uye kuongororwa kwe "revolutionary" nzvimbo. 9% yevanhu vakapindura vakaratidza maonero kuti yaiva fashoni panguva iyoyo yakasungirirwa neStolpin. Vanenge makumi mashanu kubva muzana vevakapindura vaifunga kuti saizvozvo kuchinja kwakasimbisa mhando yepamusoro pemutsipa wekutya.

"Stolypin Wagon"

Iyi imwe imwe yenhema, inoramba ichichitevera zita rekuchinja. Mukati yemabasa ake Stolypin akatarisira zvikuru kumabvazuva kweMambo. Kutaura muna 1908, musi waMarch 31, muHurumende Duma pamusangano pamusoro pekwanisika yekuvaka igwagwa paAmur, akati chiratidzo cheRussia ndiyo gondo rine musoro. Anotarisa kumabvazuva uye kumadokero. Kutaura pamusoro pekuti shiri imwe-ine musoro ine simbawo, Stolypin, zvisinei, akacherechedza kuti kana imwe musoro ikatemwa, gondo rinotungamira mbiri haringasimbisisi, rinongobuda ropa. Pamwe pamwe nemukuru wevatungamiri venyika uye varimi, Krivoshein, Peter Arkadevich muna 1910 vakaita rwendo rwekuenda kuVolga neWestern Siberia.

Reformer mutemo

Basa raStolpine maererano neSiberia raiva mukukurudzira kugadziriswa kwevagari vekuEurope nzvimbo dzenyika kusvika kune dzisina nzvimbo. Uyu mutemo waiva chikamu chekugadzirisa kwemagrarian. Somugumisiro, vanenge mamiriyoni matatu vanhu vakatamira kuSiberia. Maguta anopfuura 3,400 akavakwa muAltai Territory panguva yekuvandudzwa. Vakagara vanhu vanopfuura 600 000, iyo inofanirwa ne 22% yevagari vese muruwa. Vaparidzi-vatori vakaunza mumaparidzi anenge mamiriyoni 3.4 emasango emunyika isingawaniki.

Kutakura kwevarimi

Muna 1910 ngoro dzakasarudzwa dzakagadzirirwa vatorwa. Vakanga vakasiyana nevakawanda. Musiyano waiva iyo chikamu chemotokari yakange yakakomberedzwa zvachose. Yakanga yakagadzirirwa kuendeswa kwevanhu vanogara munyika uye zvipfuwo. Gare gare, nekuuya kwesimba reSoviet, grilles yakaiswa mumahwindo. Ngoro idzi dzakatanga kushandiswa pakuendeswa kunomanikidzwa kwekutora uye zvimwe "zvigadziriswa" kuneCentral Asia neSiberia.

Maonero aSolzhenitsyn

Mubhuku rake "The Gulag Archipelago" munyori anotsanangura nhoroondo yekuonekwa kwemotokari dzakadaro. Izvo zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti Solzhenitsyn ndiye fan of Stolypin. Achidzivirira shanduko, mumabhuku ake akaedza kubvisa zvinyorwa zviripo pamusoro pezita raPeter Arkadevich. Sokutsiva yemashoko okuti "Stolypinsky" munyori akaronga motokari "Stalinist". Nokudaro, pane kududzirwa kusina kururama kwechinangwa chekuvandudza chinangwa. Zvisinei, kana Stolypin aigona kudana Rodichev's duel nekutukwa, aisagona kurega nhema idzi.

Mukupedzisa

Mamiriro, achitaura nezveStolpin, akataura nekuremekedza kwekutya kwake. Mushanduri akagadzirirwa uye nokuda kwemabasa ayo ose, kuedza gumi nerimwe kwakaitwa. Vokupedzisira vavo vakaitika kuKiev. Muchivandudza Dmitry Bagrov akapfura. Mukati mekuedza uku, Stolypin akagamuchira ronda rorufu. Mazuva mashoma gare gare, Pyotr Arkadevich akafa. Basa raStolpin raiva rinokosha zvikuru pakuvandudzirwa kweumambo. Kugadzirisa kwake kwakava nhoroondo seimwe yeinobudirira zvikuru. Mitsara yakawanda Stolypin, yakataurwa naye pamisangano yeDuma, yakava mapapiro.