Gothic architecture Germany: History uye zvinhu

A chadzera nhoroondo German muna mapurani ndiyo kuzivikanwa munyika ino. Panouya Danho ose ayo dzakaitika kukura Akaperekedzwa ari kwaita nemiitiro itsva mapurani uye pfungwa. Ndokusaka ano vashanyi pamwe kufarira kushanyira zvinokwezva veko kuti vakagadzirira uvhure ruzivo munhu zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza pamusoro nyika uye vanhu vayo. The Gothic kwokukurukurirana mavakirwo muGermany ndiyo chinokosha uye yepakutanga. Akatanga kuva papfuura kupfuura muFrance, asi zvakadaro akabatanidzwa tsika dzechinyakare munyika kuti kwemakore akawanda zvaionekwa mwana wayo. Nhasi tichaita kukuudza zvinofadza zvikuru zvinhu pamusoro mavakirwo Germany, kusimbisa German Gothic manyorerwo, nomukurumbira nyika netemberi kwazvo.

A mashoko mashoma pamusoro nhaka tsika

Germany akitekicha akaumba uye vakava pasi pokudzora nenzvimbo dzakaitika zvinhu. Chokwadi kuti dzakawanda kwenguva refu nguva yaitongwa machinda, kurwa pakati pavo.

Izvi zvakaita kuti pave siyana mirayiridzo iri mavakirwo muGermany. guta rimwe nerimwe rakavakwa yazvo werudzii, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kutevedzera mune dzimwe nzvimbo. izvi zvose anotibvumira kuti titaure pamusoro National mavakirwo Germany, wokugadzira icho zvinoberekwa makore refu remhizha vaidzidziswa muFrance uye Italy.

Zvinosuruvarisa panguva Second World War nyika yakarasikirwa dzakawanda Zvivako zvaro zvinokosha. Vaifanira ichadzorerwa nekukurumidza, saka dzimwe zvisakamboonekwa uye hamuna kudzokera unoriumba chitarisiko. Modern architecture Germany pedyo Art Nouveau manyorerwo, ndiye akanga atora sepokutangira kuvakwa maguta yechipiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Kusvikira ikozvino, vakawanda chivako chitsva zvinoreva maitiro ichi.

Gothic: tsanangudzo pfupi

Gothic Style akatanga kutora chimiro somunhu kuparadzana uye yakananga manyorerwo kunhivi kwezana regumi namaviri remakore. Panguva iyi, mushakabvu Middle Ages vanhu vakanga vatova vaunganidza wandei ruzivo uye zivo hutsva Kutarira nokuda erection zvivako. ezvivako Most vanogona kushandisa ruzivo mathematicians vekare, uye ruzivo rwavo geometry zvaiita kuti vatevedzere zvakasiyana nzvimbo. Izvi zvishoma nezvishoma zvakazoita kuti chokwadi chokuti Romanesque manyorerwo kuti nezvaiva Europe yose, akatanga kupa nzira chinhu chitsva, yakavakirwa pfungwa yakasiyana zvachose.

Zvinofadza kuti shoko rokuti "Gothic" akazviratidza zvikuru gare gare. Akazviratidza somunhu yokusaremekedza pakunzi yokufanana huru pakati netsika uye nhaka Roma yekare uye itsva kuitika, vakaitwa Europe venyika. Vazhinji vavo vakanga remadunhu- "Goths", uye saka nekuda wokugadzira idzva ngadzirambe zita chete anogona kutaura.

Gothic akitekicha: mukuru tsananguro

Gothic kunosanganisira kuvakwa kwezvivako yaiita kutakura irrepressible pfungwa uye kubhururuka kudenga, achivapupurira ukuru wemunhu. For zvivako izvozvo waida kuti akwanise chaizvo mifananidzo yakawanda zvokuvakisa. Wood chikatsiviwa ibwe, izvo zvinoita kuti pave zvose pfungwa ezvivako uye akanga husingakwanisi kakawanda vari European maguta moto.

Zvinofadza kuti pacharwo gothic mapurani akava nhangaruvanze kuti zvakawanda zvavakaita. Zvechokwadi, paivakwa aifanira uchasimudzirwa yakakwirira kukwira kunopindirana ibwe kutigumbura, izvo zvinoda kurapwa nedzimwe simbi zvokushandisa. In dzakafanana, Vavaki vakanga kusika mixes idzva pahwaro kwesuko uye jecha, vaikwanisa zvakasimba kwokuva noukama nomumwe namabwe.

The guru budiriro yacho Gothic vanatenzi kuvamba anonzi kugadzira mapango okuvaka hurongwa. Iye akabvumira kuverenga zvokusvika hombe hurongwa rutsigiro kuitira kuderedza kuwanda mbiru, simudza mahwindo uye regai marongerwo napo chiedza. Yakadaro kusvika yazova Boon chaiyo makanzuru, iro vakakwanisa chokubatanidza nemumwe makamuri kuti nzvimbo woumbozha uye anoyevedza.

Sezvingatarisirwa, wokugadzira itsva yawana mamiriro ayo neimwe European nyika. Izvi zvinoratidzwa pachena zvikuru pacharo Gothic architecture Germany. All huru zviri wokugadzira yakanga yachinjwa kuva chinhu chitsva kuti yava kuzivikanwa munyika. Zvinoshamisa, kunyange vokuGermany pachavo kwemakore akawanda vaidavira kuti Gothic akaberekwa munyika yavo uye chete gare gare yapararira somoto muEurope yose. Kutarisa zvikuru Church, yakavakwa mhizha German, zvingaita sokuti vakanga vasiri kure chokwadi - asi gothic kwaiva kuratidzwa wamazvirokwazvo netsika uye netsika Germany.

Gothic muGermany: Architecture

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti mutsva kuitika anenge atora pfungwa vemifananidzo German riri nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva zvikuru kupfuura zvakanga muEngland uye France. Munyika idzi, kuti Gothic yakaumbwa kare wegumi remakore, uye muGermany mamiriro yokutanga zvinhu zvakatorwa kubva kupiwa maitiro, akazviratidza chete pakupera regumi namatatu.

Great rokuchinja mavakirwo Germany yakanga France, kubva pano kwakauya tenzi, akafuridzirwa uye kumuyemura Gothic pfungwa. Pamusana kwavari, paiva dzimba vokutanga pamwe zvinhu wokugadzira itsva. Vanodawo zvakaoma titi kupedza zvivako Gothic mapurani muGermany, asi vava rudzi Transitional Danho kubva Romanesque manyorerwo. Munguva iyi paiva ounyanzvi akadai Church St. Mikayeri, Chapel St. Bartholomew kuti Cathedral uye St. Kilian.

Mune ramangwana, zvivako izvi akakura vakatanga kureva Romanesque-Gothic werudzii, vakarasika zvachose kushanda kwayo kuguma remakore rechigumi nematatu.

Development uye kugadzwa German Gothic mapurani

By pakutanga German mapurani remakore hwegumi muna Gothic manyorerwo, awana ayo yakajeka munhu akazvimiririra, simba uye uremu mamiriro rakumbirwa kubva kuFrance. Pakupedzisira, zvose chakanga chabviswa dzimwe nyika uye tsika, kuva dzinoverengeka zvinhu izvo tichakurukura chimwe chikamu nyaya.

Vomunguva vaidavira kuti chinonyanya zvinesimba chivako Gothic manyorerwo akava Church Hwedu Lady wechokwadi. Akatanga yakavakwa nokuputsanya pamusoro negore ramakumi matatu remakore rechigumi nematatu. Its runoratidza yaiva plan muchinjikwa dzose. Zvivako Similar dzaimbova kana muGermany kana mune dzimwe nyika dzomuEurope. Vavaki vanosarudzirwa muchechi makamuri maviri symmetrically vose chinjikira marongerwo. Paaidzidzisa vayemurwe ezvivako kubva pasi pose.

Pakazosvika nguva maruva kuti Gothic Angasanganisira muMagdeburg Cathedral uye Chechi St. Elizabeth.

Features akitekicha German

German Gothic yakawanikwa yayo chaiyo zvinhu pachavo kuti wava kuzivikanwa kwake. Zvezvisarudzo chinozikamwa ndedzinotevera:

• Strict geometric. Vazhinji dzekare vanoti mavakirwo German nezvenguva inozivikanwa pavanogadzira nyore mitsetse. Kazhinji zvichienzaniswa machechi pamwe akakura masvingo, akasika kudzivirira maguta.
• Kushaikwa ornamentation kumadokero France. The French vari vanyatsohuongorora yakagadzirwa decoration okunze, apo vanhu vokuGermany vanofanira tisanyanyozvidya nhamba yakawedzerwa zvinhu uye vanosarudza mitsetse yakachena.
• Kuzvipira mumwe kana mana shongwe. Munyika dzose dzokuEurope kuti pakuvaka Gothic manyorerwo aiita ari synods pakati shongwe maviri. vatenzi German vakaoneka mberi - kuvaka yavo korona refu shongwe kana mana symmetrically achitenderera ari mukomberedzo of Church.
• Tama pasuo kurutivi France. Nokuti Gothic hurongwa avanoziva kuronga kupinda iri nechepakati mberi, asi aiva divi mukova muGermany zvivako. Izvi akatibvumira kunakirwa kunaka kuvaka kurambe kuchikura.
• Brick Gothic. mirayiridzo iyi rakatangwa nokuda vagari Germany uye vakava kwakapararira kuchamhembe kwenyika yacho.

Izvi isu vachakuudza zvizere.

zvidhinha Gothic

The itsva kwokukurukurirana mapurani zvokutaurira vamwe zvinhu pakusarudza zvokuvakisa. Zvakaipira ndivo kumatunhu kuti vane guru deposits amabwe uye jecha, asi muGermany vaiva nematambudziko akakura. Zvikurukuru murombo munhau iyi vaiva munzvimbo kuchamhembe, izvo sezvaari chinhu zvakadai "chidhinha gothic".

It kunoratidzwa kuvakwa kwezvivako akakura akaita nezvidhina. Izvi zvinhu aisakwanisa mari kusika zvivako zvikuru zvakadai, izvo zvakaita Gothic manyorerwo, asi vamwe parameters zvose ndihungu zvizere zvinodiwa muitiro.

Model chidhinha Gothic anogona kuva Somuenzaniso, Chechi St. Nicholas. Sezvineiwo, munzvimbo kuvaka zvidhina, zvivako Gothic vaisanganisa guta horo, chikwata dzimba uye kunyange dzimba.

Cologne Cathedral

Pakazosvika nguva maruva kuti Gothic mavakirwo muGermany anosanganisira kuvakwa Cologne Cathedral. Construction akatanga nepakati namatatu remakore, apedza makore chete pashure ane zana. Chivako ichi chakava chiratidzo chikuru munyika, tichibatanidza wechokwadi German uye French Gothic. Munyori ari chikuru basa rakanga Gerard of Rila, uyo akashanda kwemakore anopfuura maviri. The mapurani akasarudza kuvaka Cathedral iri nzvimbo imwe temberi yekare neyechiRoma, achishandisa nheyo dzake. Pakazosvika nguva yokufa kwake, unyanzvi yokudhirowa akakwanisa kuona chikamu Church, vamire muimba konekwa muchimiro kusvikira epakati namapfumbamwe remakore.

Inopera kuvaka injiniya naErnst Friedrich Zwirner, akatora sezvikonzero nekubatwa nowakautangira, asi kutsiva yechinyakare zvokuvakisa vatsva. Somugumisiro, vagari veguta pamberi pedare remakurukota, iro rine mbiri dzakaisvonaka shongwe pamusoro makubhiti zana namakumi mashanu, uye mumwe chawo ari makubhiti makumi masere nematanhatu paupamhi.

Pasinei nokuti Cologne Cathedral haagoni kunzi chose kune Gothic mapurani, izvozvo ichiri kunzi dzepamusorosoro venhoroondo yawo zimukadzimu munhoroondo Germany.

Gothic namana remakore

Tinogona kutaura kuti kubudikidza pezana remakore hwegumi, vakawanda zvivako akakura kuti pfungwa vakararama panguva, akanga atova kuvakwa. Mumaguta nemisha miduku akatanga kuonekwa kuvaka yakasiyana zvachose Gothic manyorerwo.

Achishandisa ruzivo maviri emakore, mhizha akatanga kuvaka voruzhinji zvivako uye dzimba nechinangwa vomuUmambo vakapfuma. Sezvo tsika nhaka yezvizvarwa nhaka muguta horo, meya uye chikwata imba.

Panguva iyoyo, vakawanda vavo vari mamiziyamu, ari kugara zvacho zvikuru vashanyi kubva pasi pose.

Renaissance akitekicha muGermany

By pakutanga kwezana remakore rechigumi nemashanu, nyika vakapinda ezvinhu miganhu kusabatana. A kuwanda zvemisoro dzakarwiwa kuramba tichishanda hondo, iyo inokoshesa kudziviswa kukura itsva mapurani maitiro.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti maitire nguva kubva navashanu nemanomwe remakore. Panguva ino, akajeka uye yakaoma zvikuru vakanga yakatsiviwa zvakawanda yokushongedzwa neumwe kutevedzera kare. Rumutsiriro Akaperekedzwa pokumuka michina mitsva kuti zvigoneke kushandisa zvimwe zvinhu.

Nokuti akapiwa ichikosha kunoratidzwa kuvakwa zvechizarira, nokuti mamiriro kurwisana nezvombo Zvakaoma mberi pakuvaka chinhu akakura.

Renaissance akitekicha akapa nyika dzoushe muna kuDresden, City Hall muLeipzig, chechi St Michael nezvimwe zvivako zvakawanda.

Mashoko mashoma mhedziso

Tinofunga kuti zviri pachena kubva ino chete sei zvakajeka mavakirwo akasiyana nguva rinorondedzera nhoroondo yacho. vashanyi vakawanda vanoti kuti Germany anogona chete kudzidzwa pamusoro nechivako yaro, rimwe nerimwe riri nemagariro Monument chinokosha.