Honokono apo munhu?

Honokono - mugove okumusoro maoko nemakumbo, chine mapfupa maviri uye rakatenderedzwa majoini maviri. Students kazhinji kunyonganisa nzvimbo papfudzi uye honokono ari munhu anatomi. Kuti tinzwisise, funga marongerwo uye kushanda yokumusoro muzvidimbu mugove pamusana kuti honokono.

anatomi

Paavhareji, chikoro zvaIsau vari kutanga kudzidza kosi yakaitwa nevanhu. Uyu anonakidza uye panguva imwe chete chikamu rakakura zvipenyu, izvo zvinoda yepamusoro Kugona zivo. Human Anatomy - sayenzi kuti anoona nemamiriro muviri, ayo mashandiro, uye upenyu zvarwo.

About nzvimbo yevanhu honokono, akaudza marangwanda marongerwo kana anatomi atirasi. Zvavakanga vachinyatsoongorora vaiona zita, nzvimbo, mhando uye chinangwa pfupa, zviri nyore kunzwisisa maumbirwo rokumusoro Mbabvu dzevanhu - maoko.

skeletal tsandanyama zvinopa mufambo, izvo dzakabatana mapfupa. Kufunga honokono, apo pane dzakawanda dzakasiyana mhando tsandanyama rinenge unogona kunzwisisa ruoko sei riri kufamba. tsandanyama sunga kubatsira tsinga nomunhu, izvo torawo yaiiswa honokono tsinga.

Honokono: apo? yevanhu marangwanda photos

Saka, zvishoma dzidziso. Panyaya apo vanhu honokono, zvichakubatsira kupindura anatomical atirasi kana marangwanda marongerwo. Arm mapfupa - mumwe zvinoumba yokumusoro yevanhu muzvidimbu izvo basa rinokosha iri kufamba choruoko. Kuva vainyatsoongorora marangwanda chifananidzo, zviri nyore kuona apo papfudzi uye ruoko.

Kubva unogona kufungidzira kuti rokumusoro ruoko riri pazasi pafudzi mapfupa zita, izvozvo kunotangira nayo, uye pamwe chete zvinoumba hwaro dzevanhu yokumusoro richiripo. Kuti tinzwisise anatomi rokumusoro muzvidimbu zvinokosha kuongorora mapfupa hunoumba naye.

mapfupa honokono

Part yokumusoro kumugumo - honokono, apo mapfupa maviri, ane kumbonyanya nyore marongerwo. Vanoumba tubular mapfupa mirefu; ulnar uye TOUR, imwe neimwe ine yazvo chaiyo marongerwo.

Zvaunofanira kuziva nemamiriro tubular mapfupa refu:

1. It rine diaphysis, metaphysis uye epiphysis. Diaphysis - avhareji elongated chikamu pfupa, iro rine cylindrical kana mativi chimiro. Metaphysis - musiyano uri pakati diaphysis uye epiphysis. Epiphysis - magumo ane thickened, kunodiwa kubatanidza kuna pejoinhi.
2. On the epiphysis ndiwo articular pamusoro rinosanganisira articular shwashwa.
3. Epiphyses zvichienderana nenzvimbo pfupa zvinogona proximal (yepamusoro) uye distal (ezasi).
4. Zviri kuburikidza metaphyseal uye shwashwa riri pamusoro payo, pane kukura mapfupa refu pakureba.
5. Epiphysis pamusoro cancellous mapfupa uye diaphysis - tsindirana.

Muviri nharaunda uye ulna ane mativi chimiro, izvo zvinoreva kuti hukawanika matatu. The nechemberi pfupa akatarisa mberi, shure - shure. pati chechitatu nzvimbo panguva nharaunda uye ulna zvinosiyana.

The nemamiriro ulna

Tawana kuti honokono - ndiwo pane vaviri mapfupa refu chokuita mativi ose mapfundo. Wechitatu bato inonzi ulna medial uye vakatendeukira mukati, uyewo pamupendero wayo.

The ulna iri mu rokunze chikamu ruoko, unonzi medial nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, kana tiri kufunga mutezo kubva kuruboshwe nezvakarurama mativi, rworuboshwe honokono rine ulna kuruboshwe uye kodzero - kurudyi. Nemamwe mashoko, ulna ari honokono ndiyo chikamu chiduku nomunwe.

Yokumusoro epiphysis pamusoro ulna ukobvu pamusoro proximal epiphysis pamusoro nharaunda uye pamwechete naye vachishandisa trochlear notch, iro rine parinoperera zvinoshandiswa zviviri: in coronal uye ulna. On yomukati divi coronoid zvichiitika TOUR akachekwa, dzaizopiwa TOUR musoro. Mukomboni Rakabatanidzwa articular shwashwa nomumativi nezvimiro ane kugokora kupa flexion uye kuwedzera honokono.

The repasi epiphysis, Ukuwo, wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose distal epiphysis pamusoro nharaunda uye richibatanidza kwachiri kushandisa pamwe sekamufarenzi, uye ipapo unopinda chiningoningo rwakashodoka.

The nemamiriro TOUR mapfupa

Kana ulna medially papi, danda hapana pakati ivhu: chiri pamusoro romukati rutivi ruoko, kureva, distally iri ... Somuenzaniso, kuruboshwe honokono (apo ulna riri kuruboshwe) rine kodzero TOUR pfupa. Nemamwe mashoko, nharaunda iri kudivi napagumwe roruoko.

Chechitatu divi nharaunda inonzi lateral, zvikazooneka. Upper epiphysis rine musoro negomba duku iri pakati, akaronga kuti maererano kuti condyle yacho humerus. The distal ulnar epiphysis unotora achicheka kubva kunze kuti kubatana kuti musoro ulna.

batanidza honokono

The rinokosha reDare nzira kubatana kwavo nemumwe ari anatomi mapfupa refu honokono. Hudyu kubvumira kwebasa nharaunda yakapoteredza ulna. Bone anogona kufamba mugwara kurutivi mukati kana rokunze divi, zvemaoko uye kugokora vadyi ngativei pamwe chete.

Kana achiita sangano nharaunda inorondedzera arc 140 madhigirii ulna. Zvisinei, vakapiwa, kunyange mune sangano muduku, uye mumakwenzi ruoko, munhu yaipedzerwa 220 kusvika 360 inosiyana inofamba. Mukana kutenderera kwakadaro kunoita kuti uite munhu zvakasiyana siyana kufamba okumusoro maoko nemakumbo.

Nzvimbo inokosha pavanoparidza honokono anotora interosseous Kamudzira anoumbwa collagen fibers. Riri pakati crests ari nharaunda uye ulna mapfupa uye anoiteerera nenzira asingadi kuita kufamba.

Papfudzi uye honokono

Enshrined vari vanhu fudzi nzvimbo ruzivo nokuvhiringidza pakutanga, ongororo yakaitwa nevanhu. Chokwadi chokuti zvose wajaira nemafungiro bandauko, mune zvokurapa inonzi iri pamapfudzi bhandi kana nebhanhire. Zvino apo papfudzi uye yokumusoro ruoko apo? Pafudzi - yokumusoro muzvidimbu mugove kuna pafudzi kusvikira kugokora vadyi, mauri humerus zvakabatana mapfupa honokono.

Bandauko nharaunda zvakabatana kusvikira lateral chikamu articular pamusoro ane idenderedzwa chimiro. Ndiwo musoro condyle yacho humerus. With ulna pafudzi rinobatanidza medial chikamu Anoumba chikwata humerus. In coronal uye olecranon vanobatanidzwa mune chinogumbura pamberi uye shure azvaitwa. Pamusoro fovea chikwata kurongwa kuti kana kuita kugokora flexion kana chiwedzerwa kunosanganisira zvinoshandiswa.

honokono

Apo munhu honokono, hatina kare apindura. Ngatikurukurei chii tsandanyama vanobatanidzwa chidimbu ichi rokumusoro richiripo. Zvichienderana kufamba kwakaita honokono tsandanyama inogona kukamurwa:

• pronator - kugonesa sangano iri nharaunda iri kurutivi yomukati;
• insoles - kubvumira nharaunda chipe kunze;
• flexors uye extensors bhurasho;
• flexors uye extensors pakati minwe.

Ataurwa mapoka tsandanyama ikashandiswa muzvikamu zviviri huru zvichienderana nzvimbo dzavo: mberi uye neshure.

The pamberi tsandanyama yacho honokono

Anterior tsandanyama kuti kufambisa honokono - ichi ndipo nharaunda kwaswedera mukati. Boka zvinosanganisira flexor. The pose paiva tsandanyama rinenge Anterior tsandanyama kunotanga medial epicondyle pakati pamafudzi. Deep tsandanyama akaturikidzana dzinotanga honokono mapfupa uye Kamudzira therebetween. Pronator vasiyana nharaunda.

Muscle rinenge pedyo humerus zvikuru iziviswe pedyo chiningoningo uye nziyo anomiririrwa kunyanya nokuda nemarunda.

The pose rukoko nechemberi tsandanyama ndiwo:

1. Pronator kumativi - munyaya flexion pamusoro honokono, uye kunoitawo kuti kutenderera ayo mukati (muchanza akatendeuka pasi).
2. Brachioradialis tsandanyama - paChikoro supination uye pronation pamusoro honokono iri flexion. It zvinobva papfudzi mapfupa uye wakaiswa pakati distal nharaunda.
3. Flexor carpi radialis tsandanyama - zvinobatanidzwa vaikunga bhurasho uye zvishoma rotates nayo kumba.
4. Palms longus - anokotama kuti chiningoningo.
5. Flexor carpi ulnaris - munyaya kuunza bhurasho kufamba uye flex nayo.
6. Zvachero flexor of minwe - rinobatanidzwa flexion pakati phalanges.

Yakadzika rukoko nechemberi tsandanyama akapa flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum profundus tsandanyama uye pronator quadratus tsandanyama. Honokono, apo pane zvakawanda tsandanyama zvinobatanidzwa kufamba rokumusoro kumugumo nounyanzvi uye anoita zvakasiyana siyana vakaita zviito.

Back tsandanyama of honokono

Rwemberi boka kuti honokono tsandanyama kuti insoles uye extensors. The pose paiva tsandanyama rinenge zvinosanganisira tsandanyama:

1. TOUR refu extensor bhurasho - rinobatanidzwa flexion pamusoro honokono panguva kugokora uye chiningoningo uyewo.
2. Short extensor TOUR bhurasho - rinobatanidzwa chiningoningo chiwedzerwa uye kutapa.
3. Extensor digitorum.
4. Extensor duku nomunwe.
5. Ulnar extensor mumakwenzi - rinobatanidzwa kutapa iri chiningoningo kurutivi kugokora uye ayo anoshanda.

Deep paiva posterior honokono tsandanyama raimiririra instep, refu tsandanyama (munyaya kutapa pamusoro thumbs), pfupi uye refu extensor thumbs uye indekisi extensor.

Manzwiro ari honokono

Honokono, apo vazhinji tsandanyama uye inzvimbo ndima tsinga. Funga huru tsinga iri munzvimbo iyi, uye avo mabasa:

• Musculocutaneous - matavi awo riri pana kugokora, pazasi payo kunotangira muchimiro lateral cutaneous tsinga. Innervate paganda honokono.
• The evaMedhia - mapazi dziri mu kugokora pamberi honokono netsandanyama. Innervate pezvisungo zvenguvo ruoko, tsandanyama ari thumbs.
• Ulna - iri pedyo ulnar tsinga anopa flexor carpi ulnaris. Below rakakamurwa mapazi kuti innervate muchanza pamwe yomukati uye dzokunze mumativi.
• Medial cutaneous - anopa paganda honokono, izvozvo zvinobva kubva medial tambo.
• Radiation - Bazi tsinga iyi yakadzika innervates ari extensor tsandanyama ari honokono.

Mitswe of honokono

The mapfupa honokono chaizvo mutete, zvokuti ivo kungorega kuvhuna kunyange kukuvara diki.

Mitswe of honokono inogona rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda:

1. Kutsemuka olecranon - kunoitika nokuda kuwa, yakauya pamusoro kugokora, kana nokuda unopinza rutapudzo ari triceps. Dzinoratidzwa kuzvimba ane rinokwanisa kucheneruka tint, marwadzo panguva kufamba, deformation kana maoko dangling.
2. Kuvadza coronoid muitiro - unovapo nokuda kuwa pamusoro hwakakungwa kugokora. Zvichemo pamusoro pakazvimba, kukamurwa inofamba uye kurwadziwa.
3. Kutsemuka of proximal chikamu pfupa - chinokonzera kuwa muna kugokora flexed.
4. Kutsemuka of ulnar kana TOUR pfupa - kuitika nokuda zvakananga zvazvinoita. Huru Zviratidzo zviri kuzvimba, kurwadziwa uye zvava kundiomera kufambisa muviri.
5. Pakakuvara mapfupa zvose honokono - kunoratidzwa ne misha dzakaparadzana mapfupa vavo convergence.

Kana mitswe vari zvikuru kupa rubatsiro yokutanga akuvara. Kana kutsemuka yakazaruka, haufaniri kuedza kugadzirisa nayo pachako. Zvakakodzera kuyeuka kuti hazvo kuita chinhu maviri majoini: zvemaoko uye kugokora. Kuti aite izvi, unogona chitsamhura, isingatsiki mhiri ruoko, umo pfupa tumiti kunze.

Honokono - chinokosha chidimbu rokumusoro kumugumo, iyo inopa yakakwirira mufambo ruoko uye zvakasiyana-siyana yezviito anoitwa.