Potash nde ... Muumbi uye kushandiswa kwe potashi

Potashi ishoko risingazivikanwi rechirwere chemakemikari chinonzi potassium carbonate. Iyi munyu inozivikanwa kuvanhu kubvira kare, sezvo iri mumadota. Kare, izwi iri rainzi mazara akaomeswa mushure mekubuda kwechinangwa chezvinhu zvinopisa zvemiti. Saka, chii chava kuzivikanwa nezve potash?

Formula

Imwe zita reiyo chinhu ndechokuti potassium carbonate. Uye ikemikari yaro yakanyorwa se-K ₂ CO ₃ . Iro rinokwana munyu we potassium uye carbonic acid. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mhinduro ye potashi haisi yakasimba kana inokosha, haisi yechokwadi. Kwenguva yakareba akavhiringidzika nekubika soda - NaHCO ₃ .

Nhoroondo yekuwana nekudzidza

Zvechokwadi, kune chokwadi hatizivi kuti ndiani ndiye wokutanga kugamuchira potashi, nokuti aizivikanwa muGirisi neRoma. Zvadaro yakaparadzana kubva mumadota uye yakashandiswa kushamba. Zvinoda kuziva kuti kwenguva refu yakavhiringidzika nedzimwe chinhu-potassium hydrogen carbonate. Soda soda inoshandiswa kwatiri, potash - pamwe chete iyo inonzi "alkaline" kana "alkaline salts" chete. Kusiyanisa ivo kwakatanga muzana remakore XVIII-XIX. Izvi zvakatanga kuzivikanwa muna 1759, apo Andreas Marggrave akawana sodha iyi ine mineral alkali, nepo potashi inonzi alkali yemiriwo. Uye muna 1807, Gemfri Davy akagadzira makemikari yezvimwe zvezvinhu izvi.

Kutanga kutaurwa kwekutanga kwekugadzirwa kwe potashi kwakadzoka kusvika muzana remakore rechi14. Makambani makuru emabhizimisi aiva muGermany uye nyika dzeScandinavian. Potassium carbonate yakashandiswa mukugadzira sese, mishonga yejira, kupfeka mabhizinesi. Muzana remakore rechi15, Russia yakabatana mumakwikwi. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, zvakanga zvisingakwanisi kuparadzanisa potashi kubva mumadota, asi kungotumira zvinhu zvinopisa moto pamwe chete, semuenzaniso, furs. Imhizha yegirazi yose muRussia uye kune dzimwe nyika yakadawo ichi chinhu. Izvo zvaidiwa zvakakura, uye pamwe nayo iyo inowedzerawo yakakura.

Nenzira, iro iro zita rokuti "potashi" - izvi chaizvoizvo inoratidza nzira yekuitora kare. Ichokwadi ndechekuti muchiLatin inonzwika se potassa, iyo iyo yakafanana nekukanganiswa kwemashoko "ash" uye "pot".

Makemikari uye muviri chaiwo

Mukati yekuedzwa kwechinhu ichi, masayendisiti akawana ruzivo pamusoro pehumwe unhu huripo mazviri. Kusvika iye zvino, zvinozivikanwa kuti, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu akadai, potashi yakachena yakasimba mumhando yekristasi isina kuchena kana kuti pfupa yakachena. Kuwanda kwayo kuri 2.43 g / cm ³ . Nzvimbo yezinga ye potassium carbonate inokwana 891 degrees Celsius. Icho chakanyanya kunyanya kukosha.

Ichi chinhu hachisi kuputika kana moto-ngozi. Kana yakasvibiswa neganda rine dombo kana mucous membrane, inokonzera kutsamwa. Nokudaro, anotumirwa kukirasi yechitatu yenjodzi.

Mhando uye mafomu

Kune mhando mbiri dze potashi: calcined uye imwe-uye-hafu-mvura. Kusiyana nechechipiri, fomu yekutanga haina mvura - mukutora calcination, iyo Inoputika, uyewo zvimwe zvinhu zvinenge zvabviswa, semugumisiro, sarudzo ye potassium carbonate yemhando iyi inenge isisina kuchena.

Mukuwedzera, kusiyanisa pakati pevashashi nemarudzi akasiyana, zvitatu chete zvinoratidzika. Unhu hwechigadzirwa chekupedzisira hunobva pane zvakasvibiswa zvakadai sesimbi, aluminium, chloride, sodium uye sulfate salts. Uyezve, pakuronga zvakasiyana-siyana, chikamu chiduku chekudzivirira kwakapinda mumugadziro uye kurasikirwa kwekupisa kunotorwa.

Kuwedzera

Kunyangwe kushandiswa kwe potashi hakuitike pamwero mukuru zvakadai seyenyaya ye soda, inenge ichiri kushandiswa nevanhu. Asi kutanga kwezvose unoda kuitora. Mune zvishoma, iwe unogona kuzviita kunyange kumba.

Chokutanga pane zvose, zvakakosha kuwana gorosi yemiti yakabva kwauri. Ipapo iwe unofanirwa kuupedza mune mamwe mvura inopisa, achikurudzira zvakanaka uye kumirira kwekanguva. Zvadaro, unotanga kutanga kubuda muhari ye potash pamwe nekusanganiswa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, izvo zvinokonzera kuti makristasi ave pasi. Zvechokwadi, potassium carbonate, yakasarudzwa nenzira iyi, haichazove yakakwirira, uye kuedza kushandiswa kwakanyanya zvikuru kana zvichienzaniswa nehuwandu. Saka, zvechokwadi, pane imwe nzvimbo yehurumende zvinhu zvose zvinoitika zvakasiyana.

Nokudaro, mhinduro inopisa ye potassium carbonate inopinda neC2, iyo inoguma nekuumbwa kwe KHCO ₃ . Izvo, zvakare, inopisa, uye mvura uye carbon dioxide inosunungurwa, mune zvasara - potashi yepakutanga.

Kune dzimwe nzira dzakawanda dzekuwana izvi, asi zvakanyanya uye zvakanyanya ndezvaya zvinorondedzerwa kare.

Processing

Sezvatotaurwa, marudzi maviri eti potashi anozivikanwa - akaverengwa uye imwe-nehafu-mvura. Ko kurapwa kwe potassium carbonate kunoitwa sei kuti ibudise izvi kana izvo zvakasiyana-siyana?

Chokutanga pane zvose, kunyange maitiro avo akasiyana. Uyu-nehafu ane makore ane makore akafanana neizvi: K ₂ CO ₃ + 1.5H ₂ O, ndiko kuti, rine mvura pakutanga. Kunyange zvakadaro, inonyanya kukosha kupfuura yakasikwa. Kubva mufananidzo uyu, unogona kuwana uye maitiro anhydrous - zvakakwana kuti upise poda kusvika 130-160 degrees Celsius.

Iyo calcined fomu inowanikwa nokurapa potassium carbonate inowanikwa nokubuda kwehuni muhuni mumiti. Zvinhu zvakadaro hazviiti Inopesana nekuchena, saka inofanira kunge yakaverengwa kana calcined. Mushure mekuita chimwe chezvinhu izvi, mupfu we potassium carbonate inowanikwa muchena, uye sarudzo yacho haina kuchena zvachose. Muchiitiko ichi, chinhu chacho hachina mvura.

Shandisa

Kubvira panguva yekare kusvika nhasi, potassium carbonate mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana inoshandiswa mune nhamba yakawanda yemabhizimisi uye ine zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, kukwanisa kwayo kuchenesa kunoshandiswa mukugadzira sese yemvura uye mamwe makemikari emumba.

Mukuwedzera, potashi - antifreeze kuwedzera kune rimwe . Munharaunda iyi, inobvumira mishonga kuti iwedzere kukurira kunotonhora, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanisike kupfuurira kuvaka kunyange pamatambo akaderera. Kubudirira kwayo kunopfuura zvakafanana ndechokuti hazvikonzeri kutuka kwezvivako, pamwe nekuumbwa kwepamusoro Ita simba rekugadzirisa.

Potassium carbonate ichiri kushandiswa mukugadzira kristall negirazi yepamusoro-optics. Hapana kana kumubatsira panzvimbo iyi. Hapana mafananidzi echinhu ichi, somuenzaniso, mukugadzirwa kwekasaiti yegirazi.

Kakawanda potash inhengo yezvigadzirwa, uyewo mumakemikari inoshandiswa kugamuchira hydrogen sulphide kubva mumasanganiswa emagetsi - neiyi, inobata zviri nani kupfuura soda. Panewo nzvimbo kwaari mune mishonga: potassium carbonate inobatanidzwa mune zvimwe zvinoshandiswa, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo inoratidzika sechinhu-chibereko. Chimwe chikamu chekushanda ndiko kupisa moto. Icho chinhu chinoshandisa zvivako zvehuni, zvichiwedzera kuwedzera moto.

Zvinoshamisa kuti potashi inowedzerawo zvokudya. Nhamba yaro ndeye E501, saka iyo ndeye yekirasi E. Yakashandiswa kwekanguva mukutengesa, semuenzaniso, pakuita gingerbread. Muchigadzirwa chechiedza, ichi chinhu chinosanganisirawo mukugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwematehwe.

Pakupedzisira, pane tarisiro yepamusoro yekushandiswa kwe potashi mukugadzirwa kweklorine-isina potassium fertilizer. Ash mukati memaitiro aya akashandiswa kwenguva yakareba, asi mumakumi emakore achangopfuura yakave yakadzingwa nemabhizimisi ekugadzira. Zvichida, munguva yemberi iri pedyo, nzira, inozivikanwa kare kare uye isingakuvadzi kana ichienzaniswa nemamineral fertilizer anoshandiswa ikozvino, ichashandiswa pamwero mukuru.

Zvimwe Zvikamu

Sezvo potashi isiri chinhu chakanyanya kunyanyisa, kuvhara kwayo, kuchengetedza uye kutakura kunowanikwa pasi pemaitiro chaiwo. Sezvo mutemo, zvikwata zvishanu zvinoshandiswa pakuzadza potassium carbonate. Iyi ndiyo nzira chete yekudzivirira mvura isingadiwi kupinda muzvinhu izvi.

Mukuwedzera, zvinoshamisa kuti, pasinei nekunakidza kugadziriswa neH ₂ O, potassium carbonate haina kunyanya kusvibiswa mune acetone uye ethanol.