Remakore rechi19 England: nhoroondo, chikuru misi nezviitiko

Remakore rechi19 England aiva yendarama zvechokwadi munguva. Panguva iyoyo, simba rayo enyika uye zveupfumi vakava anenge zvazvisingarambiki. Iye akakwanisa kutiza French echimurenga contagion nokuti kutsiva pacharo akanga akasiyana chaizvo chimurenga - zvesayenzi uye michina. The kwemaindasitiri akasunda nyika ive kutungamirira chinzvimbo yose upfumi, asi kushingaira vatorwa wokuti England akapa yake nyika ukuru pakati European inoti. Izvi nezvimwewo zvakawanda, kwete chete zvakakanganisa upenyu Chirungu pachavo, asi anoisa mumwe Vector okukura nhoroondo.

The Industrial Revolution muEngland muzana remakore rechi19

Kuti tinzwisise nei mune zvesayenzi uye kugadzira chimurenga muEngland akagamuchira kupfuura yakaorera pasi nokuda kwayo kukura, unofanira zvishoma zvakadzama kupinda nyaya. Chokwadi kuti remakore rechi19 England akasangana nyika yokutanga pakusika zvinhu nokuda kwaita capitalism. The Bourgeois chimurenga ava kunopera rechi17 akapa nyika zvematongerwe enyika matsva gadziriro - kwete Mhedziso uye yepamutemo umambo. By simba bourgeoisie itsva yakaitwa kuti kubvumirwa kutungamirira voruzhinji mutemo uye zvoupfumi, zvakare. On hwaro ichi, pfungwa Machinization basa kwevanhu, uye, naizvozvo, kuderedza mari basa uye mari inoshandiswa Chokwadi, vaiva nomukana kuva chokwadi. Somugumisiro, musika nyika yakanga nemafashamo pamwe British zvinhu, dzaiva nani uye isingadhuri zvivezwa idzi umo ichiri hunodzorwa gadzira.

The Kutama huru

The kuderera nhamba yacho murimi mudiki vemo uye kuwedzera guta - ndicho sei kushandura evanhu chiso rechi19 England. Pakutanga Resettlement mukuru zvakare aisa kwemaindasitiri. Kuwanda mafekitari yawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma, uye zvinoda zvakawanda yevashandi. Panguva iyoyowo, chinhu ichi haana kukonzera kuparara hwokurima. Kusiyana neizvi, zvichaita chete vanobatsirwa ichi. In zvikuru yemakwikwi mapurazi maduku vakapa nzira huru dzinotambudza nyika muridzi - kurima. Vapone avo kuti vanokwanisa optimize wako utariri Style chete: kushandisa zvakawedzerwa fetiraiza, michina uye unyanzvi okurima dzokuenzanisira itsva. Chokwadi, mari kuita upfumi ichi chakava zvakawanda, asiwo unotiranga nokuwedzera turnover yava zvakasiyana. Ndiyo vakatanga vachishingaira kuva kurima nzira ine yezwi capitalism mu England (remakore rechi19). Goho uye zvipfuwo kwezvinhu hwasvika munyika dzakawanda dzokuEurope munyika kakawanda.

Yaitonga nomutemo wemadzimambo United Kingdom

Zvichida hapana nyika akambomisa mapoka akawanda kudaro, sezvo England rokutanga yezana remakore rechi19. India, Canada, Africa, Australia uye gare gare akavawo tsime kuunganidza upfumi hwayo. Asi kana yapfuura ivo kungorega vakapamba Chirungu colonists, imwe yaitonga yakasiyana chaizvo policies chakaitika muzana remakore rechi19. England anotanga kushandisa nyuchi sechinhu musika nefuma yavo uye ndimo mbishi zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, Australia, paangatonga kutora zvachose, England akashandisa segwai mapurazi makuru. India rava kunobva mbishi zvinhu nokuda donje indasitiri. In zvakafanana, England dzaitongwa infest nhumbi dzavo, ichivharira mukana vave ikoko pachake kugadzira, nokudaro kuwedzera kuvimba pakati satellites kubva tenzi wavo chitsuwa. Kazhinji, vatorwa mutemo waiva kure anoona zvakanaka.

chingwa nzara

The zvakawanda England akakura akapfuma, chikuru ndicho musiyano pakati pevapfumi nevarombo. Charles Dickens aiva yakajeka hunhu yokunyora nokudhirowa dzavo. Zvakaoma kutaura, saka kana yakawanda zvachose kuwedzeredzwa. Kureba kushanda zuva aiwanzova maawa asingasviki 12-13, uye zvakawanda. Panguva iyoyowo mubayiro haawanzotauri zvokuti chouviri. Manufacturers chaizvo dzinowanzotaura zvakachipa munhukadzi uye kunyange mwana basa - pakatanga michina mukurima anobvumirwa. Chero basa mibatanidzwa zvakarambidzwa uye vachinzwisisa somunhu mupanduki. Muna 1819, munyika Manchester, munharaunda Petersfield, akapfurwa achiratidza vashandi. Vomunguva akadana kuponda "Hondo Peterloo." Asi zvikuru rikwanise nebope akasimuka pakati fekitari varidzi uye varidzi. Kuwedzera zviyo mitengo akaparirwa kuwedzera mutengo zvokudya, izvo amanikidzwa kurera mubayiro kune vashandi. Somugumisiro, Parliament vagadziri uye varidzi kwemakore kudhonza tambo "Corn Mitemo".

kupenga mambo

England enyika Vavariro akanga akakwirira zvikuru. Hazvina kuvamisa, uye kuti musoro wehurumende akanga zvachose kuvapengesa. Muna 1811, George, Mambo weEngland, akanzi sevasingakwanisi, uye mwanakomana wake mukuru chaizvoizvo akatora pamusoro itsvo munyika hurumende, achiva regent. Military nemhinganidzo Napoleon airidza mumaoko British nezvibvumirano. Pashure shure kwake Moscow masvingo akanga England akava arongwe musimboti, ikasimudza maoko pamusoro yose Europe kusvika mutungamiri French. Rugare Paris, akasaina muna 1814, akawedzera kuti ayo twa chinokosha yakawanda munyika itsva. France aifanira kupa England cheMarita, Tobago, uye Seychelles. Netherlands - Nyika kuGuyana pamwe donje kukuru rabha kuti kuCeylon uye Cape of Good Hope. Denmark - Helgoland. Uye pasi varo mukuru patronage of reIonia Islands vakaponeswa. Saka increments ndima vakadzokera Hyatt. England regai n'ai uye pagungwa. Mushure armáda Great akanga, iye akatora pamusoro wenyaya "Tenzikadzi Kwemakungwa." Makore maviri chakavapo kunetsana pamwe neUnited States kwayo. Zvikepe Chirungu kuramba Dzinogara mvura pedyo kondinendi kwazvakarerekera, kwete kunyange churayas zvakajeka dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya vachirwisa. Muna 1814, runyararo yakanga yakasainwa, izvo kwechinguva akauyawo rugare rwepfungwa.

hwakadzikama nguva

Nguva nenguva iyo nemitemo England William IV (1830-1837), akaratidza berekai zvikuru munyika. Kunyange vanhu vashoma vakatenda nayo - nekuti mambo panguva accession kuti chigaro makore 65 okuberekwa, ane vemazera kuti nguva. Mumwe mutemo unokosha zvikuru mumagariro chaiva pakatanga kurambidzwa mwana basa. Zvinenge zvose United Kingdom kuti Great Britain vakaponeswa muuranda. Kuchinjwa Mutemo Poor. Rakanga kupfuura akanyarara uye rugare nguva yokutanga yezana remakore rechi19. Kusvika Crimean War muna 1853 kwakanga kusina hondo huru. Asi chinonyanya kukosha kuchinja zvinhu William IV vakava dzeparamende kuchinja. Hwakare haana kubvumira kubatanidzwa sarudzo vashandi kwete chete, asiwo itsva maindasitiri bourgeoisie. Commons aiva mumaoko vatengesi, vapfumi varidzi uye vokubhengi. Vaiva vanatenzi muparamende. The bourgeoisie akatendeukira vashandi, tichitarisira kuti naivowo, achawana zvemitemo gwapa, zvakavabatsira kudzivirira kodzero dzavo. Kazhinji maoko. The July Revolution pamusoro 1830 muFrance aiva mumwe nemotokari simba munzira kuenda pakugadzirisa dambudziko iri. Muna 1832, mumwe zvinhu yeparamende akatakurirwa kunze, uhwo maindasitiri bourgeoisie yawana Paramende kodzero dzokuvhota. Vashandi, zvisinei, kubva ichi chinhu akahwina, izvo zvakakonzera kuti Chartist kufamba muEngland.

Vashandi 'kungotamburira nokuda kwekodzero dzavo

Kunyengedzwa zvivimbiso bourgeoisie, nekubata kirasi zvino vaishora izvozvo. Muna 1835 zvakare akatanga vakawanda mienzaniso uye zvesimba, kwakawedzera pakatanga dambudziko iri 1836, apo zviuru vanoshanda nesimba zvaikandwa kunze mumugwagwa. In London, vakaumba "mubatanidzwa vashandi", iro akagadzira mugwaro racho kuti inoshanda suffrage wayo pasi reParamende. In Chirungu "bumbiro" unorira "bumbiro", saka zita - the Chartist kufamba. MuEngland, vashandi akabvunza equalize roga mune kodzero bourgeoisie uye kubvumira kuti sarudza musarudzo kuzviremera. Avo ezvinhu ari kungoramba uye oga aigona kumira ivo - ndiye zvavanoita. Sangano kupatsanuka kuita mapoka matatu. London Muvezi Lovett akatungamirira mwero bapiro uyo anofunga kuti chete zvinogona kuitwa pachishandiswa rugare, uchishandisa Nhaurirano. Other chartists achifinyamisa akaritumidza nhungirwa "Pink bato mvura shoma." Panguva mumuviri kutamburira rinotungamirirwa ane gweta Irish O'Connor. Pachake muridzi simba sawanikwa, mumwe mutambi wetsiva kukuru, akatungamirira vashandi vakawanda ngwizhingwi. Asi pakanga pachine wechitatu, Revolutionary bapiro. mutungamiri wayo aiva Garni. An admire pakati Marx uye Shona uye nevatambi vechimurenga French, aishingaira wakarwira kupambwa nyika varimi vabatsirwe neHurumende uye kuti kugadzwa masere-awa mureza kushanda zuva. Kazhinji, kuti Chartist kufamba muEngland akakundikana. Zvisinei, vamwe ukoshi akanga achiri: iri bourgeoisie akamanikidzwa kusangana kushanda dzinoverengeka pfungwa, uye paramende mitemo yaidzivirira kodzero vashandi 'vakagamuchirwa.

Remakore rechi19 England panguva yokubudirira mukuru

Muna 1837, akakwira chigaro Koroleva Viktoriya. Nguva yake ushe ari vaiona "yendarama nguva" munyika. The hama akadzikama kuti chakaitika vatorwa wokuti England, akabvumira wokupedzisira kufunga kuti zvoupfumi. Somugumisiro pakati pezana remakore rechi19 yakanga kupfuura simba uye akapfuma umambo mu Europe. Aigona zvitungamirire zvinhu zvavo enyika nyika munhandare uye kumisa runobatsira wake papi. Muna 1841 rwakaita njanji pamusoro iyo rwokutanga akaita mambokadzi. British Vakawanda vachiri kutenda ushe Victoria, zvakanakisisa nguva, izvo anozivikanwa munhoroondo England. Remakore rechi19, dzakasiya nyika dzakawanda mavanga akadzika, akava chikomborero chitsuwa rudzi. Asi zvichida kunyange kupfuura enyika uye zvoupfumi kubudirira, Britain vanozvikudza pamusoro netsika kuti mambokadzi akaisa vahwo. Mamiriro Akaita Victorian yaitonga muEngland yagara kwenguva refu shumo. Panguva ino zvose nguva kuti zvimwe akanga chokuita divi evanhu mumuviri, kwete chete kuvanzika, asi nokushingaira mhaka. mitemo Hard yetsika akabvunza zvakakwana pasi, uye kutyora dzavo varangwe nehasha. Akasvika kune musoro, kana vakauya kuna England kwemasimba zvenhaka yakanyungudutswa, havana pachena kuti chero hakuna nokufukidzwa muvonde shizha vose yavo yakashama. Kunwa vakadzi mwoyo, kusvikira varanda zvakakwana. Vaisabvumirwa kuverenga mapepanhau pamwe nenyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika kuti havabvumirwi kufamba pasina murume perekedza. The guru ukoshi kwainzi somuchato nemhuri, kurambana kana kusavimbika hwakaratidza vanongoratidza segororo mhosva.

Imperial Vavariro voumambo

Pakazosvika pakati pezana remakore rechi19 zvakava pachena kuti "yendarama zera 'achirapa ayo kuderera. US uye vanobatana Germany zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kumutsa musoro wake, uye United Kingdom kuti Great Britain akanga zvishoma nezvishoma kurega kutungamirira nzvimbo yayo zvematongerwo enyika nhandare. Vakauya simba ari kuchinja mapato kuti pave imperialist masirogani. Ivo inoshora norupo tsika - pfungwa evanhu uye zvoupfumi - Kugadzikana anopikira kunoda mwero kuchinja uye kuchengetedzwa zvetsika British masangano. Mutungamiri mukuru weConservative Party panguva yakanga Disraeli. Iye vakapomera Liberals yokuti apandukire zvinodiwa nenyika. The chikuru chinoita kutsigira "wokudzora" wokuEngland, ivo vaiomerera vakafunga simba rehondo. Nechekare pakati 1870 zvakanzi kutanga akatanga rokuti "British Empire", Koroleva Viktoriya zvakazivikanwa sezvo Empress muIndia. The Liberals, akatungamirirwa William Gladstone rinotarisa ichitongwa nehurumende. Muzana remakore rechi19 England ane nzvimbo dzakawanda zvokuti tirambe vose muruoko rimwe, zvakava zvinyanye kuoma. Gladstone aiva mutsigiri rechiGiriki muenzaniso Colonisation, aidavira kuti pakunamata uye tsika noushamwari simba zvikuru kupfuura mune zveupfumi. Canada akapiwa bumbiro, uye navamwe nyuchi vakagamuchira zvikuru zveupfumi uye enyika kuzvitonga.

Time zvipirei pomuchindwe

Vachishingaira kutanga pashure kubatana, Germany atanga kuratidza inonzwisisika nomunhu akananga hegemony. British zvinhu havana voga pamisika nyika, zvigadzirwa German uye American kwakanga asadzokerazve kuipa. MuEngland, takasvika pakugumisa kuti zvakakodzera kuchinja upfumi negwaro. Umbwa muna 1881, Fair Trade League akafunga pamusoro reorientation mishonga kubva European kumusika Asia. Izvi zvinofanira kunge zvakamubatsira kujeri nomukurumbira. Parallel iyi yaiva chinoshingaira Kugadzirwa British Africa uye nharaunda yakabatana British India. Vazhinji Asian nyika - Afghanistan uye Iran Somuenzaniso - vava kusvika hafu mapoka England. Asi kokutanga mumakore akawanda, rudzi chitsuwa yave atarisana makwikwi mumunda uyu. Somuenzaniso, France, Belgium, Germany uye Portugal vakazivisawo kodzero dzayo kunyika African. On hwaro ichi, muUK akatanga vanoshingaira kuva "dzhingoistskie" kumunetsawo. Shoko rokuti "Jingo" anoreva kuvatsigiri nehasha nezvibvumirano uye coercive nzira mune zvematongerwo enyika. Jingo akazozivikanwa sezvo zvakanyanyisa vezvourudzi, pakurima pfungwa youmambo uchiratidza kuzvipira kunyika. Vaidavira kuti zvimwe nharaunda England muchawana, chichavawo chikuru simba rayo uye simba.

Remakore rechi19 vanogona kunyatsonzi remakore muEngland munhoroondo yenyika. Ndosaka iye akahwina musoro "workshop kwenyika". British zvinhu zvinotengeswa pamusika yakanga kupfuura dzimwe. Vaiva zvakachipa uye aigona pamusoro yokuisvonaka. The muzvigadzirwa chimurenga akapa England michero mupfumi kupfuura kuti yava zvichibvira nokuti kuti munyika ino kwokutanga pane vamwe vose, ndokupera Mhedziso umambo. Mauto New mu Paramende vauya nemigumisiro yakanaka chaizvo. Kuedza hasha dumbu venyika inopiwa zvakawanda kundima itsva, iyo, chokwadi, iri kuwedzera upfumi, uye vakauya yakawanda nematambudziko. Kunyange zvakadaro, pakazopera remakore rechi19, England akava mumwe inoti simba kupfuura, vakazochinja akaibvumira kuramba kucheka nyika mepu uye kusarudza njodzi kare.