Rinoputika kupfuura ngozi munyika; zita, tsananguro, nzvimbo uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

Nhasi pamusoro pemvura Pasi anenge 600 anoputika vanoshingaira uye 1000 nokutsakatika. Uyezve, akavanda navo pasi mvura kunyange vanenge 10 zviuru. Vazhinji vavo chiri panzvimbo mhesano pamusoro tectonic kwamahwendefa. About 100 anoputika vari pfungwa kumativi Indonesia, nharaunda nechokumadokero US rinoti, pane anenge 10, nesumbu anoputika yakataurawo munzvimbo Japan, mukuru Kuril Islands uye Kamchatka. Asi vose - hapana richienzaniswa rimwe megavulkanom, iyo masayendisiti kutya.

The anoputika kupfuura ngozi

Kana kuti njodzi iri chero huripo anoputika, kunyange kurara. Kusarudza ndoupi zvikuru ngozi, haina kutorwa hapana nyanzvi inoziva zvokuputika kwemakomo kana geomorphology, sezvo hazvibviri zvakarurama kufanotaura nguva uye simba kuputika mumwe wavo. Musoro "zvikuru ngozi gomo iri munyika" panguva imwe chete vanoti Roman reVesuvius uye Etna, Popocatepetl Mexican, Japanese Sakurajima, weColombia Galeras, riri Congo reNyiragongo muGuatemala - Santa Maria, Hawaii - Manua Loa nevamwe.

Kana ngozi dzemabota rokuongorora vanonzi kukuvadza kuti zvinogona kukonzera, zvino kungava musoro kuna kare, iyo inorondedzera chii nemigumisiro vakauya kupfuura ngozi anoputika munyika kare. Somuenzaniso, zvose anozivikanwa vaizviti reVesuvius muna 79 gore AD. e. kusvika 10 zviuru. mupenyu uye zvabviswa mepu maviri maguta makuru. Kuputika Krakatoa muna 1883, riri simba 200 zviuru nguva kupfuura mabhomba bhomba paHiroshima, yakadzokorora munyika ndinonongera upenyu pa 36,000 vepachitsuwa.

Kuputika dzemabota muna 1783 pasi zita Lucky kwakakonzera kuti guru chikamu mombe kwave akaparadzwa, uye zvokudya, izvo ndokusaka 20% chavagari Iceland vakafa nenzara. Next gore nokuda Lucky akava asingabereki vose Europe. Izvi zvose zvinoratidza chii pamwero migumisiro vangauya kuna vanhu nezvirwere hombe kuputika.

dzinoparadza supervolcanoes

Asi waizviziva here kuti zvose mukuru ngozi anoputika zvenyika iri hapana zvichienzaniswa vanonzi supervolcano kuputika neimwe zvemakore vakauya kare imwe ngwavaira zvechokwadi migumisiro yose uye zvakachinja okunze panyika? Kuputika anoputika vaigona kuva nesimba 8 pfungwa, uye madota kwete asingasviki 1000 mamita ³ vabudiswa kuti nekukwirira kanenge 25 km. Izvi zvakaguma kwenguva refu sarufa kwemvura, kusavapo chezuva kwemwedzi yakawanda uye unhani akaturikidzana makuru nedota zvakawanda nzvimbo dzenyika pevhu.

Supervolcanoes kuzivikanwa ndechokuti pane nzvimbo kuputika kunge vakasasiya mwena uye Caldera. Izvi tsirkoobraznaya muchanza ane hwakanyatsorwisa sandara pasi achiumbwa somugumisiro yokuti pashure akatevedzana simba kuputika vane akabuda utsi, dota uye magma yokumusoro regomo mapopoma.

The supervolcano kupfuura ngozi

Masayendisiti kuziva nezvokuvapo vanenge 20 supervolcano. At nzvimbo imwe vavaRefaimu izvi anotyisa zvino Lake Taupo muNew Zealand, mumwe yakavanzwa pasi supervolcano Toba nyanza, iri pachitsuwa Sumatra. Mienzaniso supervolcano kushumira Long Valley muna California, Wallis mu New Mexico uye Ira Japan.

Asi rinoputika kupfuura ngozi munyika - ichi ndiyo "mumudzimu" kuti kuputika munhu supervolcano Yellowstone, riri nechokumadokero US inoti. Ndiye anoita kuti dzezvokuputika kwemakomo uye geomorphology of USA, uye pasi pose, kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu kukura kutya, zvichiita imi vanokanganwa pamusoro zvose munyika anoputika zvikuru ngozi.

Location uye kukura Yellowstone

Yellowstone Caldera iri kuchamhembe-yokumadokero United States, Wyoming. Wakatanga muonekwe Satellite muna 1960. Caldera, ane saizi anenge 55 * 72 km ndiyo venyika yakakurumbira Yellowstone National Park. Chetatu anenge 900 000 hectares pakati Parkland rakamiswa pamusoro munharaunda Caldera.

Under mwena Yellowstone achiri anozorora hofori rouchenjeri magma kudzika anenge 8000 m. Tembiricha mukati magma kuuya 1000 ⁰ C. Iri panzvimbo Yellowstone Park inopisa chitubu Inotubuka muzvizhinji kuti makatsemuka vari goko inotutumadzisa ose hwemvura uye kuwedzera gasi wemisanganiswa.

geysers zhinji uye madhaka madziva tiri iri ikoko. Chikonzero ichi chaiva nenharo kuti tembiricha kuti 1600 ⁰ C. wehunyambiri aibuda padombo 660? Km paupamhi. Pasi paka emaguta ari kudzika 8-16? Km pane pamatavi maviri murwizi.

Yellowstone kuputika kare

Kuputika of Yellowstone, kwakaitika, maererano masayendisiti wokutanga, anopfuura mamiriyoni 2 years ago, chainyanya pamwero mukuru njodzi munyika munhoroondo ivepo. Zvadaro, pedyo kubvuma volcanists vanenge 2.5 zviuru. ³ km dombo akasunungurwa mumhepo, uye musoro chiratidzo, izvo kusvika anobuda yaiva 50 km pamusoro pevhu.

The guru uye ngozi zvikuru rinoputika munyika vakatanga kuzodzosera kuputika makore anopfuura mamiriyoni 1,2 akapfuura. Ipapo Vhoriyamu choutsi oda 10 nguva shoma. Wechitatu kuputika kwakaitika 640 zviuru. Makore akapfuura. Zvakanga ipapo rakabhuroka parusvingo mwena uye akaumba ano Caldera nhasi.

Sei nhasi anotya Yellowstone Caldera

Nemhaka yezvichangobva kuitika munzvimbo Yellowstone National Park musayendisiti kuchijeka chii rinoputika kupfuura ngozi munyika. Chii chinoitika ikoko? Masayendisiti kwakavhundutsa nokuchinja izvi, izvo zviri kunyanya kushingaira 2000s:

• Nokuti 6 makore asati 2013, nyika rakavhara Caldera akamuka pedyo zvikuru sezvo 2 metres, nepo mune yapfuura 20 makore kuwedzera yakanga masendimita chete 10.
• Kubva pasi scored itsva geysers inopisa.
• Inosimudzira kakawanda uye kusimba kwenyika munzvimbo Yellowstone Caldera. Chete muna 2014, masayendisiti akanyorwa navo kumativi 2000.
• Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, kuburikidza akaturikidzana wenyika kusvikira pemvura kwavo nzira pachivande magasi.
• It yakawedzera madhigirii dzinoverengeka tembiricha mvura munzizi.

Izvi nhau inotyisa akamutsa kuruzhinji, uye kunyanya vagari North America kondinendi. Masayendisiti akawanda vanobvumirana kuti supervolcano kuputika zvichaitika munguva ino remakore.

Migumisiro kuputika America

Ndosaka dzezvokuputika kwemakomo vakawanda vanodavira kuti Yellowstone Caldera - zvikuru ngozi gomo munyika. Ivo vanoti ake inotevera kuputika achava sezvo simba sezvo yapfuura vaya. Masayendisiti nei kune kuwedzera nezviuru enyukireya. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mukati nharaunda ine 160? Km kumativi kwacho zvose richaparadzwa zvachose. The "mapazi akafa" ungadzoka madota akafukidza imwe nharaunda yakakura 1,600 makiromita kumativi.

Yellowstone kufekuka kungaita kuti kwemakomo nezvimwe anoputika uye paumbwe simba Tsunami. US chimbichimbi kunoitika, uye mutemo wechiuto zvichabviswa hwakatangwa. Kubva zvinyorwa siyana kunouya ruzivo kuti United States ari kugadzirira njodzi: kuvaka pokugara, kunobereka zvinopfuura miriyoni epurasitiki coffins ari kubvisa plan, zvichiita zvibvumirwano nyika vamwe mumakondinendi. Munguva ichangopfuura, mamiriro ezvinhu ari Yellowstone Caldera wechokwadi US anoda kuramba vakanyarara.

Yellowstone Caldera uye kuguma kwenyika

Kuputika ari Caldera pasi Yellowstone Park, achaunza dambudziko, kwete chete America. The kupenda, izvo zvinogona mune iyi, anotarira akasuwa nokuti nyika. Masayendisiti akaverenga kuti kana kukwirira 50 km choutsi kuchapedza mazuva maviri chete, 'wegore rufu "panguva ino ndima, kaviri kwakaenzana yose dzeAmerica.

Papera vhiki, choutsi yakasvika India uye Australia. The chezuva kuti tisanzwe mune gobvu utsi kuputika uye nyika vachava gore refu nehafu (kanenge) yechando. Paavhareji tembiricha Panyika ruchawira -25 ⁰ C, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvichava kusvikira ^munenge -50. Vanhu vachafa pasi ngwanda kudonha kubva kudenga kubva zvakaumbwa dhaka, nechando, nzara, nyota uye nekusagona kufema. Maererano zvekungofungira, vacharamba vari vapenyu, chete munhu mumwe kubva chiuru.

Kuputika of Yellowstone Caldera anokwanisa kana musingadi kuparadza upenyu panyika zvachose, akanyatsosiyana kushandura zvinhu kuti kuvapo zvose zvipenyu zvose. Hapana anogona kutaura kuti chokwadi kana ayo kuputika anotanga rinoputika kupfuura ngozi munyika muupenyu hwedu, asi pane kutya anoruramiswa zvechokwadi.