Chii pupuma? Zvinokonzera uye mhando mafashamo

Humanity ajaira mafashamo kubva munguva dzekare. Tine mashoko pamusoro njodzi mafashamo iri pamusoro Yellow River (muna 2297 BC) uye rwizi (Makore 3000 apfuura). Kare, izvi dzinongoitika dzoga rakanyatsojeka chisingawanzowaniki, asi rokupedzisira remakore, maitikiro dzavo uye kukura zvaparadzwa ivo mupasi rose kwakawedzera. Kana tikatora nguva BC, zvikuru ngozi mafashamo, zvinokonzera iyo dzichakurukurwa pazasi, zvakaitika anenge kamwe pamakore 50 (eg China). Zvisinei, iye zvino, njodzi dzakadaro kuitika kanoverengeka gore. In chinonyanya "unobereka", Ngwavaira izvi kuitika zvikamu mazuva 2-3, chii pakarepo atiudze vezvenhau. Pamwe ndosaka "Flood" nyaya kwakafanira kuhupenyu vanhu vazhinji. Zvino kufarira zviri kuramba kukura.

Water matambudziko

Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti kukura nevanhu pakuti unhu mvura mari. enyika dzakawanda uye nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti dambudziko remvura riri munzvimbo yokutanga iri ndandanda zvinozivikanwa wekupedzisira mashoma emakore. "Mvura nyaya" ingamuka ezvinhu mana: kana pasina kana kukwana inoraramisa mvura, vasiri kutevedzera hurumende mvura mitumbi optimum mukushanda zvinhu zvipenyu, pane imwe inosimbisa muoti usingabereki kusangana kwenzanga zvinodiwa vokuparidzira, uye aine nekumwisa mwando muzvinhu vakawanda vachitambura yakafanira nokuda mafashamo ichi. Munyika yose, nyaya nhatu pakutanga kunotangira vakaparara remakore, uye wechina mupfungwa vanhu kubva munguva dzekare. Kunyange zvazvo vanhu kunzwisisa chii mafashamo, uye vakatora matanho okuchengetedza naro, vakanga vasingagoni kubudirira ichi. Uye nerimwe remakore kukuvara kubva njodzi inoramba ichiwedzera. Chete yechipiri yezana remakore rechimakumi maviri, ayo kukuvara yakawedzera ne10 nguva.

nyaya

Dzidza hunganzi musi zhinji, unogona kushandisa hydrological kushurudzira. Ndicho chidzidzo zvainanga kwesayenzi substantiation poukuru uye hunhu njodzi. Zvaifungidzirwa akakamurwa nakisa refu (anopfuura 1 kota), refu-refu (anosvika 3 vhiki), pfupi (10-12 mazuva), miganhu uye nemakanzuru. Migumisiro uye rwakadini mafashamo kunoenderana kureba kwavo, hunhu ivhu, mwaka, Nzvimbo, kumhanya kuyerera, kukwirira mvura simukai uye zvimwewo. Munhu wose anenge anzwa ngano yeBoporodzi. vaongorori vakawanda vanoziva kuti mafashamo, Vanodavira kuti hwaro tsika yemafashame chaizvo vatora nzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika nenjodzi. Ethnographers, vanyori venhau dzakaitika, geographers uye vanochera matongo vakawana kuti ari 3 Rd uye 4 th chemakore BC, njodzi iyi yakaitika Mesopotamia. nzvimbo inogarwa mumupata rwaYufratesi uye Tigirisi sokuti vanhu yose. Naizvozvo kukuru mafashamo ane zvakawanda vanobatwa vakasonganira Mafashamo. Zvino vanochera matongo, vanyori venhau dzakaitika uye dzimwe nyanzvi vakaita basa rakawanda riri kudzidza tsika Mafashamo Makuru. Zvichienderana pandandanda tsika idzi, mafashamo makuru zvakaitika zvinenge zvikamu ose Earth. Uye mazita iwayo hunoshamisa. Chinosanganisira nengano mafashamu ose makondinendi panyika.

The Kudeuka mafashamo

With kwouwandu hwevanhu, kuparadzwa kwemasango uye nezvimwe zvinokuvadza hunhu mabasa evanhu, mafashamo akatanga kuitika kakawanda. Pakutanga ino isu ataurwa maviri nemafashamo. Ndiani achataura zvakawanda pamusoro zvishoma.

1. Flooding mu Europe. Mishumo Germany, UK uye Netherlands muna 1953. Kana simba Gale simba Mhepo akafukidza kuchamhembe kwemhenderekedzo guru nemafungu. Izvi zvakakonzera nomusiyano kuwedzera mvura (3-4 metres) mukati estuaries iri Scheldt, ivo Meuse, Rhine nemamwe nzizi. Kupfuura vamwe Netherlands akatambudzika. 8% mundima rwakanga ruzere. Kuuraya vanenge 2,000 vanhu.

2. Mafashamo munyika Ganges Delta. Zvino muna 1970. 10 mita chinozunguzirwa rakafukidza rwizi chitsvene, uye vakatendeukira pamusoro shure. Rakanga nemafashamo anenge 20,000 ba. ? km. Akaparadza mazana mumisha uye vakawanda mumaguta. Vakaurayiwa mamiriyoni 1,5. Man. Sezvo mafashamo akaparadza anenge matsime ose, ane rikwanise kuperevedza mvura yokunwa. Mazana ezviuru zvevanhu zvakafa nenzara uye kupararira fivha uye korera.

3. Amur mafashamo. Zvino pamusoro munharaunda Russian Federation muna July 2013. Vose kukuvadzwa vakapfuura mabhiriyoni 3 rubles. It vakaparadza 29 mabhiriji. Avhiringidzwa anenge 300 makiromita migwagwa. Zvakaipa damage kurima. Ari kwemvura mapazi yaiva nemisha anopfuura gumi.

Zvinokonzera uye mhando mafashamo

Nokuti pakunzwisisa zvakadzama wenyaya, ngatiregei kutsanangura ichi nenjodzi. Pashure pezvose, haasi munhu wose anoziva mafashamo akadaro. Ngatitaurei kugadzirisa kusiya ichi. The nyore tsananguro - dzinozara nemvura chinokosha nyika nzvimbo. Ngativerengei nyorai zvikonzero njodzi iyi.

zvikonzero

1. Snowmelt.

2. Tsunami mafungu.

3. kwenguva mvura.

4. Anthropogenic zvikonzero.

Pane yakananga chinokonzera chokuita kuparadzwa madhamu uye hydraulic vakabata zviitiko, uye zvisina kunanga - dzinogarwa uye maindasitiri dzimba, abudise kuti wetlands, kuparadzwa kwemasango. izvi zvose Zvinochinjawo hydrological hurumende nzizi nokuda zvibereko pamusoro eko zvinoriumba. Rutapudzo masango ose achawedzera kunonyanyisa chekubuda anosvika 300%.

Zvino funga mhando chikuru nemafashamo. Tinovimba kuti vaverengi vedu, nhamba iyi ichava anonakidza zvikuru.

mhando

1. Mafashamo. Kunoitika apo patsime nyungudika pamapani kana mumakomo. It ane mumwaka periodicity. Dzinoratidzwa kuwedzera kwemvura chechetere.

2. Mafashamo. Kunoitika munguva yechando thaws nokuda chando uchanyangadika kana madzvotsvotsvo. Hazvina zvakajeka iziviswe periodicity. Dzinoratidzwa zvakarurama pfupi uye zvikuru kuwedzera mvura pamwero.

3. akarembera chando madhamu uye mafashamo naMashi. Kuitika kana munhu zvikamu rwizi pave nemishonga kuti mvura iyerere. It zvauya kubva kuunganidza echando floes vari mugero constrictions panguva chando vasakukurwa (kuzara), kana -oma-up (echando mumigwagwa yakawandisa motokari). Mash kuti mafashamo erwizi achiumbwa okutanga chitubu kana kunonoka chando. It ane hwakanyatsorwisa yakakwirira pfupi kuwedzera mvura pamwero. Akarembera Ice madhamu mafashamo kunoitika pakutanga chando. Zvinonzi dzinoratidzwa kuwedzera mvura chechetere uye refu yacho nenjodzi.

4. RINOFAMBIRA mafashamo. Simukai somugumisiro mhepo RINOFAMBIRA muna estuaries, uyewo yakati vhuvhuta chikamu dura, madhamu makuru uye negungwa. Vanogona kuitika chero nguva yegore. Havana periodicity. Kuwedzera mvura chechetere - chinokosha.

5. Mafashamo kunobva dhamu kukundikana. Kutambudzika kunoitika mvura muromo kubva mvura dura kana nokuda budiriro kumanikidzwa zvivako (madhamu, dykes uye t. D.) Kana zvashata mvura buditsa. Chimwe chikonzero - chaiwo rotonhorera ari dhamu nokuda dzinongoitika zvinhu (Madhaka, avalanches, etc ...). Nokufamba njodzi aigadzira budiriro chinozunguzirwa zvikazara yakakura nzvimbo uye kukuvadza kana kuparadza zvinhu (zvivako, zvivako, uye vamwe.), Found nenzira kwayo kufamba.

Saka, takazoziva zvinokonzera uye mhando mafashamo, asi hazvibviri kukanganwa kuti izvi dzinongoitika dzoga dziri rakakamurwa makirasi. The chikuru Misimboti nekupatsanurwa njodzi idzi - izwi repeatability zvigoverwe akamboona.

makirasi mafashamo

1. Low. Kazhinji kukonzera shoma kukuvara. Anofukidza mumhenderekedzo yegungwa nharaunda duku saizi. minda Agricultural vari nemafashamo pamwe asingasviki 10%. Kashoma gogodzai vanhu kubva kuitika mutinhimira upenyu. Repeatability - makore 5-10.

2. High. Kukonzera chinokosha zvakakanganisika (yetsika uye zvinhu). Kufukidza nzvimbo yakakura rwizi mumipata. About 10-15% nemafashamo nyika. Kutyora zviri zvipfuwo uye zvoupfumi nemamiriro vemo. Angangodaro zvishomanana kubvisa vanhu. Frequency - 20-25 makore.

3. Yemisi. Zvichikonzera kukuru kukuvara zvinhu, kufukidza rwizi nembiya. Under mvura anenge 50-70% kuti munda, uyewo vamwe chikamu yawo. Mutsindo mafashamo kwete chete kutyora mutengi nzira youpenyu, asi remadza zvoupfumi basa. The kubvisa zviri pfuma uye vanhu vaibva njodzi mapazi uye kudzivirirwa chikuru vanovengwa upfumi kukosha. Repeatability - makore 50-100.

4. Une Njodzi Zvikuru. Zvichikonzera huru kukuvara zvinhu, kupararira pamusoro mundima huru iri gadziriro mumwe kana kupfuura rwizi enyika. Anonamata kufirwa upenyu hwevanhu. It zvikazara anopfuura 70% yenyika, nemisha yakawanda, utilities uye maindasitiri mabhizimisi. Zvachose rutivi rwomuviri kugadzirwa uye mabhizimisi mabasa, uyewo kuchinja nevatengi mararamiro vemo. Frequency - makore 100-200.

mafashamo migumisiro

The chikuru zviri ezvinhu iyo unovapo kana njodzi dzakadaro: kukurumidza kukura simba kukanganisa zvinhu, zvakaoma kuwana akuvara, rokuparadza hunhu ezvinhu, duku vanobatwa Kupona nemifananidzo, uyewo kuvapo rwakashata mamiriro okunze (akagara, chando vasakukurwa, dzvotsvotsvo remvura, etc ... ).

The kuyerera zvinoitwa mvura sezvo kuparadza chinhu

1. The chemhando mvura pamwero.

2. chemhando mvura rinodyiwa.

3. zvazvingava kuyerera.

4. nzvimbo mafashamo.

5. The kakawanda kunonyanyisa tsika mvura chechetere.

6. ya mafashamo.

7. tembiricha mvura.

8. Security kunonyanyisa mvura pamwero.

9. Kuvamba nguva yokutambudzika.

10. The mwero richisimuka mvura pamwero ose mafashamo.

11. Kusimba mafashamo yendima munharaunda kupiwa.

Features migumisiro

1. Vagari munjodzi nzvimbo (vanobatwa vakatambura uye saizvozvo. N.).

2. Kuwanda vanovengwa maindasitiri kunetsekana njodzi.

3. Nhamba munzvimbo yomumwe njodzi nzvimbo.

4. Length migwagwa (mugwagwa uye njanji), kukurukurirana uye simba mitsetse, inobatwa mafashamo nzvimbo.

5. kuwanda tunnels, mabhiriji uye dzimba, kukuvaradzwa, akaparadza uye dzinozara somugumisiro njodzi.

6. kuwanda mhuka akafa munyaya yapfuura selhozotrasli.

7. Nzvimbo akafukidzwa munda uye dzimwe njodzi.

ponesa

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha zvokununura - kutsvaka uye kununura vanhu inobatwa mafashamo wongoramba. Zvakakodzera kuvabatsira nekukurumidza uye kuitira kupona kwavo mumamiriro ezvinhu ano. Kubudirira kununura basa zvinoitwa anoverengeka nezviito.

1. Kutakura kubuda mangwanani uye hurongwa kurovedzwa vehondo uye varwi vehurumende kudzivirira, vanoziva chaizvo chii mafashame, uyewo nhengo kutsvaka uye vanonunura vanhu kuti kuitisa kununura kushandiswa.

2. nokukurumidza Kupindura njodzi yakabuda, alerting uye kupa anodiwa manpower uye pfuma.

3. Organization operative uchenjeri uye nekutumirwa kwemauto kudzora enyika.

4. Kushandiswa anobudirira raparadza kutsvaka michina yavo ruponeso, uyewo nzira yokuchengetedza vokuparidzira uye zvoupfumi masangano.

Kuti zvinosanganisira nokukurumidza basa chimbichimbi?

1. Kuvaka zvakapoteredza miseve uye madhamu.

2. Kuvakwa abudise makwara.

3. Equipment berths vasiri inouraya zvombo.

4. kubviswa echando mumigwagwa yakawandisa motokari.

5. Dzosa simba.

6. Kudzorerwa uye kudzivirira mugwagwa zvakagadzirwa.

7. Localization kuti maronda yechipiri lesion zvinhu.

ruzivo mabasa ari mafashamo

1. Kutsunga of nemafashamo nzvimbo.

2. Management njodzi kukura simba.

3. Ziva munzvimbo vanhu nezvipfuwo vanoda rubatsiro.

4. kuonekwa zvinhu tsika dziri kubviswa nzvimbo njodzi.

5. Search uye michina platforms kuti achiwana helicopters munjodzi wongoramba.

6. Search uye vakasarudzwa nzira kuti kubvisa zviri pfuma, vanhu nezvipfuwo vachibatsirwa nezvikepe. Kana zvakakodzera, midziyo berths.

Kununura basa kuitwa vehurumende kuzvidzivirira vemauto, tsvakai uye kununurwa mabasa uye kunowedzerwa ferrying kuenda neherikoputa chaiwo nzira. Kuti dzika vamwe basa chimbichimbi, kufungisisa hunhu waro, vakagadzwa engineering motokari zvinoumba. Kana kutsvaka vawirwa muzvinhu zvikazara, vanunuri vanofanira kushandisa ndege (helicopters uye ndege).

Uye rekupedzisira. Usakanganwa kuti mafashamo kutyisidzira nguva dzose. Naizvozvo uzvigadzire pachine kuti musangano uyu dzinongoitika chaiyo.