Road design: rutsigiro

Design enzira mumwe kukoshesa munyika yanhasi, nekuti chakavakwa dzaifanoiswa runomirira tsinga, izvo anofamba Passenger, mitoro uye mabhazi. A ano nezvifambiso zvinosvika - kunzwisisa muviri, vose vane zvinhu zviri interconnected uye zvakananga novimba mumwe. Design mugwagwa panguva ino dzinongoita pakutsvaga huripo Links pakati misha, kutandara nzvimbo, maindasitiri mabhizimisi nezvimwe munharaunda nzvimbo.

Upenyu ano hazvigoni kumbofungidzira pasina rakarongwa uye zvakanaka kushanda mashandiro, izvo kwaizovimbisa zvifambiso zvakakodzera zvinhu kana vanhu. Zvakakodzera pamasikiro mugwagwa nhasi kunonyanya kukosha uyewo nokuti panguva iyoyo ndiyo zvachose hapana nzira dzakashandisa kuramba motokari Rwako uye kumhanya.

Nei izvozvo?

Patinoita nzira iyi inofanira kupa yakachengeteka, vakasununguka, vakarongeka uye vakawanda vagare kufamba nemotokari zvichienderana magadzirirwo nokukurumidza. Uyewo ruzivo Road magadzirirwo achibvumira dzakafanana motokari mamiriro, azere zvaidiwa misimboti kutarisana wezwi kwavatariri, vakasununguka uye zvisina njodzi zvikuru Positioning pamusoro siyana panosangana uye junctions. Ndokusaka zvichikosha zvakadaro.

Varidzi Vakawanda private nzvimbo vanofunga zvakawanda nei vachida kutsvakurudza uye pamasikiro mikuru, nekuti zvikuru nyore dira nzira kutevera uye akaisa Asphalt pamusoro payo. Asi kana munhu asina nematambudziko yakafanana basa, zviri nani kutanga kanenge zvechipameso kuzivana zvizere pasi nemabasa, izvo kutarisana, uye kuona kukosha kunhaka yavo uye pezvingazoitika.

Usati watanga kuisa nzira voruzhinji, Junction, kana guta mumugwagwa, unofanira kutanga kuwana mvumo kuita basa rakadaro, uye kuti zvinoda kutsvakurudza uye afunge migwagwa. Kunze komutemo basa zvose kuzobvuma mune richanzi vamiririri yomumugwagwa mapurisa, izvo kutanga pauri anozadzisa zvinodiwa uye kana mune ramangwana, mhinduro zvose haringapiwi zvachose zvachose, contiguity kana mugwagwa ichabviswa zvachose, uye achaita kuti kurambidza nokushanda nzvimbo . Nezvenyaya iyi, zvichaita kuti adzorere yaro hwepakutanga, iro raizova kutambisa guru mari mari, tisingatauri chokwadi kuti kana nzira kwakatungamirira chero maindasitiri nzvimbo, gasi chiteshi, Datenroku kana anamapako, kushanda kwavo zvichange vakarega.

Kupfuura yaigona vachiri pangozi?

Havasi vose anonzwisisa kuti, maererano SNIP, afunge mikuru - hazvina chete kuisa mavhu, Asphalt uye kuisa mugwagwa zviratidzo. Nokufamba nzira iyi vanofanira kufunga zvose zviripo uye projected kukurukurirana, izvo riri rokuvaka nzvimbo, nokuti zvichaitika zvikuru kusingafadzi, kana nemasanga vashandi panguva nokuiswa misodzi gasi, mvura kana internet optic waya. Pakupedzisira, kuti vapore uye muripo zvokurwadza kuti varidzi pakukurukurirana ichapindura mutengi, uye mutengo remapazi izvi chaizvo.

Ndokusaka kudikanwa zvakazara zvinoenderana nemitemo raanotaura SNIP. Road magadzirirwo zvinofanira kuvimbwa chete nyanzvi, nekuti pane zvinhu zvakawanda asingagoni pamusana kunyange vavaki ounyanzvi. mainjiniya anokodzera kupa chero matanho kuti kungadiwa nokuda kwenguva refu uye njodzi mashandiro enzira, pavaiita STRUCTURAL kuongorora yakarongwa matombo uye kubereka vanokwanisa nheyo pasi zvose zvinoridzwa mutoro, uyewo kupa abudise gadziriro kudzivirira Kuparara ari roadbed, uye kufungawo boka zvimwe nuances .

mhando

Kutanga ndiko kuziva kuti, chii vari mhando migwagwa, pfungwa:

• Mugwagwa - senga mumugwagwa iyo motokari zvinokambaira chinoramba nzira uye kuwana izvo anopiwa ose makiromita mashanu.
• Freeway - yakasiyana wokutanga mhando kuti zviripo munhu nyore kuwana pamwero akaenzana makiromita matatu.
• Normal kushandiswa - mamwe marudzi ose migwagwa kuti murege kuwira pasi tsanangudzo yapfuura maviri.

Zvichienderana munzira akasarudzwa uyewo yekudyidzana achinja kuronga zvinhu. In nedanho pamasikiro inorangarira siyana zvinoitwa rokuyamura mhando Matandira, Meteorological ezvinhu, mashoko pedyo nomugwagwa, kuti fungidzira mupenyu, kusimba yomumugwagwa kuyerera uye simba unhu.

urongwa

Chinhu chokutanga kuitwa nedanho kwekuronga - izvi zvakajeka akaratidza nzira. Magistral chero zvazvingava hakufaniri vakundwa kuburikidza nzvimbo yekurima, dzomumaguta nzvimbo, uyewo nedzimwe dzinongoitika nharaunda uye siyana maindasitiri zvivako. Mugore Ruzhinji rwakapindura tubhokisi mainjiniya panguva kwekuronga iri kutanga kuitwa munhu rokutanga kuongorora nzvimbo, iyo achaiswa rwakagadzirira nokuyera pamepu vose inobvira pakutengeserana. Pashure paizvozvo, tsanangudzo Kuongorora kuziva zvose zvakanakira nekuipira chimwe nechimwe nzira akurukurwa.

Zvadaro sarudza chimwe nzira uye akaita vake-Kunyatsoongorora asati zvinoitiswa kubudikidza pombi akaitwa mikuru. Uyezve akaita pakasikwa zvakagadzirwa vanodhirowa, asi varidzi venyika uye masangano akasiyana-siyana, kuburikidza zviri vakundwa motokari migwagwa, achava nekodzero kutaura mazano avo uye mashoko. Ainyanya akarongeka rakazvimirira chirongwa wakakodzera kushingaira, migumisiro iyo kare Panewo siyana mune muitiro wokuronga.

Wokupedzisira danho, pashure gwaro, izvozvo anosika vazhinji kushanda vanodhirowa vanotenderwa. Kunze yakananga nzira, iyo mifananidzo uye hwakadzama kunonyanyisa inotaurwa panosangana, napo kuti uye migumo kubva mumugwagwa, uyewo ndima, kuyambuka, mazambuko nedzimwe nhengo. Uyewo, mutemo unoti Akatsunga izvo chaizvo mabhazi richashandiswa munyaya muitiro kuisa mugwagwa uye zvipfeko.

nzendo

Saka, kuronga inogona rakakamurwa muzvikamu akawanda:

1. Development uye akabvumirwa nzira.
2. Kuitora kukwira vanoverengeka vaitaura chokuita urongwa penzira uye haizopereri kupora.
3. Kufambisa chirongwa uye kuwana rutsigiro madhipatimendi zvose hanya.
4. Kunyatsoverenga kugadzira mapepa, izvo zvinofanira kusanganisirawo kuronga ouswa nzvimbo.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvenzara matambudziko mugwagwa kuvaka chinhu marongerwo kwenzvimbo, apo mukuru chinangwa unyorwe riri zvawamaka nzira rwaizobvisa mariri. Muchiitiko chino, zviri chokwadi kuteerera pfungwa dzinotevera:

• Sarudza mhando mugwagwa pamusoro;
• Kuchengetedzwa zvose zvakasvibirira dzezvimwe kuripo panguva;
• pakusikwa yecocoa chitsva;
• urongwa dzakatenuka;
• kukura uzere zvakawanda nokudzorerwa anoshanda.

Musakanganwa nezvokuti kuvakwa kwakadaro kunofanira kusanganisira nguva yakareba, zvakawanda uye painstaking tsvakurudzo, kunyanya kana iwe twasu Via tch migwagwa. patani mitemo zvinosanganisira nuances dzakawanda dzakasiyana kuti zvinofanira kukurukurwa panguva ose padanho remapazi izvi. Zvinhu zvakanaka zvinosanganisira chokwadi kuti panguva iyoyo, boka raivapo misimboti nokuisa nzira pamwe yokufeva conjugation roadbed uye akapfava makona zvakakwana kunowirirana chero zviri kwenzvimbo.

Where kutanga?

Kana watarisana pakuvaka motorways, migwagwa guta kana majoini, kuita basa iri vanofanira kuva nhanho shomanana:

1. Afunge subgrade pamusoro mikuru.
2. Kuunganidza mashoko okuwedzera.
3. Purani uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu anodiwa mapepa.
4. Kufambisa chirongwa pamwe mutengi uye akakodzera zviremera.

basa

Panguva iyi, zvinokosha kuziva pamwe inoshandiswa pakutsigira, uyewo mhando basa rinoitwa. The ndechokuti, zvichienderana pachikwata kuti iwe wainyatsotaura (kugadziridza kukuru, kuvakwa itsva, rokuvakazve, uye zvichingodaro. N.) achashandurwa zvakananga uye uwandu basa rinoitwa, uyewo mazita masangano izvo zvichaita vanofanira kutaurirana mhando dzose magwaro akakwana. Somuenzaniso, kana muri basa kugadzira vavakezve mugwagwa vachava kuiswa pachinzvimbo chikuru overhaul, ipapo kuti muchafadzwa kuva narwo anonyatsotsvaka kuzviongorora ehurumende uye ariise nemitemo siyana geometric parameters, uye kuitisa mabasa izvi zvinoda nguva yakawanda uye mari.

Basa rinofanira anoratidzawo chaiyo nhamba yemaBhaibheri uye mhando mapepa nekanzuru vanhuwo kugadzirwa nguva, mumwe chikamu rwakagadzirira nzira nezvimwe nuances zhinji. Usakanganwa kuti, maererano basa chichaitwa kudzidzisa, magadzirirwo, kuvaka migwagwa, uye zvemarudzi ose nezvinhu zvinopfuura izvozvo, zvataurwa yoga.

kumashure mashoko

To aya mashoko zvinosanganisira marudzi ose tsvakurudzo engineering, hwokugadzira ezvinhu varidzi nerimwe kukurukurirana zviri basa nharaunda, uyewo tsamba siyana nokugamuchirwa kuita masangano. Vhoriyamu mashoko kutanga iri zvakananga novimba zvinoitwa zvikuru chinhu. Kuti chivako chiduku they, junctions kana kupaka zvakakwana dzomumaguta mapiritsi, apo migwagwa kugadzirwa mitemo rinhi kuvapo Geological uye geodetic kuongorora.

patani

Danho iri kupfuura nguva-pakuzadza uye kudhura. Pashure pokunge agamuchira zvekushandisa ezvinhu, yekudyidzana anowedzera yaipedzerwa basa, uye Asphalt uye mavhu uyewo havasi kupfuura zvinodhura mari.

Vanowanzotambura nemamiriro ezvinhu apo kutarisira nomutsa "anobvunza kudaro" kuti ubvume mberi mapindu zvinopa magadzirirwe menzira, anovaraidza uye bhasikoro makwara, uyewo kuita mapindu. Panyaya yokusimbisa adjacency kuruzhinji nzira, somuenzaniso, North Ossetian State University uye motokari mapurisa zvinoda fanira pamasikiro panosangana migwagwa uye junctions pamwe Transitional nokukurumidza Lanes, chiedza urongwa, siyana motokari mwenje, kana zvichifanira, ari culvert.

Kubatidza Way vanofanira hazvo uchagara munharaunda misha, uye chinangwa chacho chikuru ndechokudzibatsira nechokwadi dzose maonero enzira uye menzira. Kubviswa Mvura rinogonawo akaita mbiri dzakasiyana - dutu mapaipi kana kuparadzana kumigero. Zvinokosha pamasikiro kwacho kufunga abudise uye zvinopa normative vakanga vaine kwavakarerekera, uyewo zvakawanda kugamuchirwa uye kusunungurwa. In nedanho zvisingakuvadzi dzemvura akapoteredza nzvimbo kakawanda zvakakodzera kushongedzera kurapwa zvivako vemo.

Kana utilities vaiva kuvaka mapazi, ipapo varidzi chero nyaya zvinoda dziviriro kana nokubatanidzwazve maererano mureza mapepa. Saka, kurumbidza kuti pamasikiro migwagwa iri hakugumiri mugwagwa, izvo zvinoda kunobatanidza mainjiniya uye nezvimwe ounyanzvi hwokugadzira zhinji, iyo, ukuwo, yekudyidzana anowedzera zvinonyatsorehwa mutengo kuvakwa.

Sei zvidzidzo?

Kuwana magadzirirwo, pakutanga akaita zvakasiyana simba kukarukureta, uye chete ipapo nemhaka mufambiro wavo kukarukureta pamusoro longitudinal uye transverse profiles. In nedanho pamasikiro uye kukarukureta rinoitwa hwokugadzira uye zvemari divi racho, uye akabva aita zvakawanda purojekiti mapepa, pamwe uchimutarira pakati mari zvose zvakakodzera pakuvaka web.

Akasarudza engineering kwezvakatipoteredza zvinogadzirisa, kuburikidza iyo huru anobvumawo vanyatsobatanidzwa mune zvakasikwa nakuyenda. Nokuda kuongorora zvakatipoteredza mamiriro kukura chirongwa mapepa raigona ashandiswe mberi kuvakwa shoma zvakanyanya zvakatipoteredza.

Design enzira rinoitwa nokuda wandei engineering zvidzidzo, uyewo kuongorora ivhu parameters, kufungisisa zvinhu yomunharaunda kwakaita nzvimbo yacho. In magadzirirwo muitiro migwagwa nenyanzvi vachishandisa ano Software mugadziriro, uyewo unyanzvi ouinjiniya michina.

Mumamiriro ezvinhu pari hazvitomboiti kufungidzira nyanzvi kukura chirongwa mapepa pasina kushandisa michina enyika. Kwemasvomhu Modelling uye kombiyuta Optimization rimwe nerimwe akagadzira matanho anogona yekudyidzana kuwedzera zvinonyatsorehwa kunaka basa, uyewo kuderedza mutengo, nguva uye yaipedzerwa nezvinhu zvinodiwa pakuvaka. Nokufamba kwenguva, nzira kuita zvakagadzirwa basa zvakazara ichatarwa nokure, akashandisa makore 20 chete apfuura kubva zvetsika kugadzira mazano.

chibvumirano

List kwemiviri munyaya Kufambisa basa mapepa, zvinofanira mumatauriro basa, maererano izvo mitemo isingachinji akaitwa migwagwa. Kana paine chero mashoko kana mibvunzo, vagadziri anogona nguva dzose kutaura nyanzvi uye kubvisa mashoko kana kuchinja-siyana. Yakazvimirira kana ezvinhu kuongorora kakawanda oga ipapo.

Kamwe akanaka mvumo vose vakawana afunge mugwagwa chikamu kwapera. Zvino yatova zvichiita kuti mvumo kuti basa rokuvaka.