Sangano rezvemari ndiro ... Tsanangudzo yemuongorori

Mari muzviratidzo zvavo zvakasiyana-siyana yagara iri uye ichave iyo nheyo yehukama hwehupfumi pamakwikwi uye macro. Imwe nyanzvi yezvemari inobatanidzwa mubatanidzwa yemari yeimwe nyika kana yemusika wemarike yemari.

Pfungwa yezvemari masangano

Mari ndeyewo nyaya yekutengeserana, avo vatengesi ndivo zvikwereti zvemari. Nzvimbo yezvemari inyanzvi yezvemari (inowanzowanikwa mune zvemitemo) inoshandisa mumusika wemari pasi peisensi uye kupa mazano ekubudiswa kwezvikwereti, kutengeswa kwezvikwereti uye zvimwe zvekutengesa zvine chokuita nokuumbwa kwemari inoyerera.

Mabasa emakambani emari

Muchidimbu, makambani ezvemari anoita mabasa ekugadzirisa kubhadhara mari. Zvinhu zvavo zviripo zviripo mari inogamuchirwa kune imwe mubhadharo kubva kuvanhu uye masangano epamutemo, izvo zvino "kutengeswa" kune vamwe vatori vechikamu muhutano hwekwereti sezvikwereti. Zvechokwadi, iyi ndiyo muenzaniso wepakutanga wemashandisirwo ekushanda kwevashandi vezvemari, asi mutemo wayo unoramba uripo, chete chiyero, fomu uye vatori vechikamu chekushandurwa kwekutengeserana. Nokudaro, zvikwereti zvikwereti zvinoita mabasa anotevera:

• Kubatanidzwa mukugadzirisa uye kushanda kwemusika wemari uye chekuchengetedza.
• Kudzorerwa kwemari yemari nenzira yekuchengetwa kwevanhu, ndiko kuti, kushanduka kwavo kuva mari yekutsvaga mari.
• Kukurudzira vatori vechikamu mune hukama hwehupfumi uye kutarisira mari.
• Kuongorora njodzi uye kuderedzwa.

Nhasi masangano emari, maitiro uye mabasa

Zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvevatori vechikamu mune zvehutano hwemari, pamwe chete nezvinoitwa nemabasa avo, zvakavabvumira kuiswa muzvikwata zvakawanda. Pakati pehupi huri huri huri hurumende huripo hungave huri huwandu hwemarudzi ezvemari:

1. Mabhangi ndiwo masangano ekupindira munharaunda iyo iyo yakawanda yemvura inoshandiswa basa: mari (electronic, cash) uye securities.
2. Izvo-kwete mabhengi emari ekubhadhara mari - asingatauri zvakananga mukugadziriswa kwekuchengetwa. Nzvimbo yavo yebasa ndeyekunyanya kushandiswa mune zvemari kwevashandi vemari.
3. Makambani ekubhadhara mari - kuita sarudzo yematambudziko ezvoupfumi uye kusarudza nzvimbo dzakanakisisa dzekutsvaga.
4. Zvikwereti zvekwereti - kupa zvikwereti nemari yekuchengetedza kumumhara. Kusiyana nemakambani ekutengeserana mukuti havatsvaki vavariro yekuita purofiti

Mabhangi, maitiro avo nemarudzi

Bhizinesi rezvemari mari inomiririra iyo inobatsira "kutengesa" mari kana chibereko / basa, inopa mazano ekubvunzurudza mundima yemari inotengesa mari. Nokudaro, tinogona kusiyanisa zvitatu zvemabhengi:

1. Bhizimusi rebhangi rimwe rega rega rekutsvaga rezvemari rinopa mvumo yemari kuvanhu kana kuti vashandi vezvemari nokuda kwekubhadhara mari. Kufarira kune zvikwereti zvakapiwa kune vatengi ndiyo chinhu chikuru chemari yebhengi. Zvinodhura zvekambani idzi dzekwereti ndezvikwereti pane mari (mari yevatengi). Dzimba dzevashandi dzinoumba huwandu hwebasa rekushanda.
2. Bhidha rekubhadhara rekutengesa. Basa remhando iyi yemasangano ndekupindirana mune kutengeswa kwezvinhu zvakachengetedzeka nezvikamu. Panguva imwe chete, kupiwa uye kutengeswa kwezvivako pachavo hazviitiki nebhangi, asi nekambani yekutengesa. Bhengi rinongotarisa nyaya yekubhadhara kwekutenga.
3. Bhengi rekutsvaga mari inobatanidzwa muhurongwa hwenyika uye hwepasi rose hwemari. Vashandi varo ndivo masangano epamutemo uye kunyange hurumende yehurumende. Basa guru rebazi rekutsvaga kwekutsvaga nderekukwezva mari yezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvehupfumi, pamwe nekupatsanurudza mukudzokorora kwebhizimisi uye mumunda wekutengesa nematarenda.

Kupatsanurwa kwebhangi rezvemabhizimisi pasi pechisarudzo chinosarudzwa kunongoratidzira, sezvo vazhinji vezvikwereti zvezvikwereti vanofukidza nzvimbo dzose dzinozivikanwa dzebasa: zvose mari nekubhadhara mari yehupfumi.

Non-bank bank credit organizations

Izvo zvisina mabhengi emari zvikwereti zvikwereti zvebhizimisi zvinogona kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana ebhangi zvichienderana neisensi. Nheyo yekushanda yakaderedzwa kusvika pakugadzirisa mabasa, sezvo zvivako zvakadaro zvine simba guru kudarika masangano emari ebhengi. Mienzaniso yeboka iri rekambani ndeyotevera:

• Makambani emishuwarenzi Nheyo yekushanda yakaderedzwa kusvika kune dambudziko rezvisungo zvinoshandiswa nevashambadzi kuvhara mari dzisingatarisirwi, urongwa hwezvakanyorwa mubvumirano. Kuti atenge zvisungo izvi, vatengi vanobhadhara muhomwe yehushuwarenzi. Kusiyana pakati pemishumo yemisimamiro yeinishuwarenzi uye kubhadhara nemubhizimisi wemari yekubhadhara (kana, zvechokwadi, zvakadaro zvinoitika), uyewo mari yekufambisa yekambani iyi inobatsira ye UK.
• Mari yepensheni yenguva yakati yaunowana mari inopa mari kubva kune vatengi, kuumba uye kuunganidza mari inoshandiswa. Paanosvika kumakore ekurasikirwa, mutero wekubhadhara mwedzi unodikanwa unobva pane zvakachengetwa kuchengetwa kune mutengi. Muchiitiko ichi, munhu anopomerwa anovhura nhoroondo yemari yekuchengetedza, iyo inongoratidza chete mari yezvipo, asi haapi kupa kodzero yekuishandisa zvizere. Iko mubayiro wekubhadhara inotarirwa pamusana pehuwandu hunogamuchirwa uye huine nguva. Mari yepensheni inogona kushanda semasangano ezvemari ehurumende yeRussia uye semakambani ezvokutengeserana.
• Pawnshops inoshanda mumunda wemari yemari uye inopa zvikwereti zviduku zvevatengi. Mari yechikwereti inopiwa pamusana pekushongedza kwezvishongo chete uye zvinhu zvinokosha zvezvinhu, izvo kana chikwereti chechikwereti chinotorwa uye chinotengeswa mumatengo. Kusvikira chikwereti ichipera, pawnshop haina kodzero yekurasikirwa nepfuma yakavimbiswa, uye sangano rinofanira kuchengetedza kuchengeteka kweimba. Mari inowanikwa munyaya iyi haisi chete mari inobva kune yekutengesa zvishongo, asiwo kubva kune chikwereti kune chikwereti, kureva kuti, muteresi haafaniri kudzorera kwete chete chikwereti chemari, asiwo inogadziriswa muzana.

Investment Institutions

Inyika yezvemari yemari inzvimbo inoshandiswa mukukwezva mari yevakabvunzwa (vatyairi). Chinangwa chekutsvaga mari ndeyekuchengetedza (zvikamu, zvibatanho, zvikwereti). Mari yavo inogona kusiyana zvichienderana nemamiriro ekutengesa iye zvino. Kusiyana kweboka iri remasangano:

• Mabhengi nevatengesi ndivo vamiririri mukushanda kwekutengeswa kwezvitoro uye kutengesa kushandiswa kunoita mabasa avo zvichienderana neisensi.
• Makambani ekutsvaga - inoumba imwe nzvimbo, iyo nhengo dzinotenderera kambani kuti ichengetedze mari yavo. Kubatana kwakadaro pamusana pezvikwata zvekutsvaga kwekutsvaga kunoita kuti zvikwanise kuderedza dambudziko revatengesi vari voga.
• Mari yekutsvaga mari, mutauriri pakati pemunhu ane chikwereti nemunhu anenge akwereta, inopesana nevashambadziri vese pakuti inotora chikwereti chayo pachavo, inounganidzwa pane zvinhu zvinotarisirwa kushandiswa kune dzimwe makambani. Mitsara kubva kutengeswa kwezvikwereti zvayo mari inoendesa kutenga zvisungo zvemamwe masangano. Kusiyana pakati pekutengeswa uye kutenga kwezvivimbiso izvi ndeye mari yehupfumi, uye iyo inobatsira inoguma pakuguma kwegore rinosvika nenzira yezvikamu zvinoparidzirwa pakati pevanhu vayo.
• Iko kushambadzirwa kwekutengesa ndeyekutengeserana kwemashamba, iyo, chaizvoizvo, inovabudisa uye inopa mamiriro ekugadzirisa nemari uye zvikwereti.

Zvikwereti zveMakonheni

Makambani ekubatira chikwereti ari mamwe emasangano emari, asi nokuti sangano rakadaro haritsvaki rubatsiro, rinogona kuiswa seboka rakasiyana. Nheyo yemubatanidzwa inobva mukubatsirana kwemari kwevadzidzi-vatori vechikamu.

Zvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana zvemarikiti ndezvemari pamwe chete, iyo inogona kusimbiswa neboka revanhu uye masangano epamutemo pane chimwe chinhu chinowanzoonekwa, somuenzaniso, nzvimbo. Makambani ezvokweretesa, pamwe nemabhengi ezvokutengeserana, kubhadhara zvikwereti kune chikwereti uye kutora zvidhori nenzira yemabhadharo. Misiyano chete ndeyokuti mazano aya anowanikwa chete kune nhengo dzebambani, uye huwandu hwehukwereti hwakabudiswa hunoparidzirwa pakati pevatori vechikamu maererano nezvipo zvavo.

Chido chekugadzira MFI

Kukuru Kwekudarika kwakaitika mumakore ekuma1930, kuputsika kwemisika yeEurope yemuguta nekuda kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, kuramba kwenyika dzakawanda kubva kuhutenderedzwa hwegoridhe, dzakawanda dzenharaunda uye dzenyika munguva yekushure kwehondo yakashandirwa sezvinodiwa kuti zvigadziriswe purogiramu imwe chete yekutonga kushandurana kwenyika kune dzimwe nyika.

Nokudaro, muna 1944, semugumisiro wekutaurirana umo nyika makumi maviri nemakumi maviri dzakabatanidzwa, sarudzo yakatorwa pakugadzira purogiramu yemari itsva, International Monetary Fund (IMF). Bhizimusi reNyika Dzekugadziriswa uye Kuvandudza (IBRD) rakasimbiswa senhengo inotungamirira.

Iyo huru masangano emari emunyika

Zvechokwadi, nokuda kwekushanda kwehukama hwemari nehupfumi hwepasi, MFI neBRR hazvina kukwana. Kubudirira kwehukama hwehupfumi hwepasi rose hunosimbiswa nehurumende dzinotevera:

• I International Development Association (IDA), iyo inopa zvikwereti kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira pamashoko akasiyana.
• International Finance Corporation - inotsigira hurumende yehurumende yenyika.
• International Investment Guarantee Agency - inodzora kudyara kwekutsvaga munyika dziri kusimukira.
• Bhizinesi reMunzvimbo Dzepasi Pose - inotungamirira mhirizhonga dzemari dzese kune dzimwe nyika uye kushandiswa kwekunze kune dzimwe nyika pakati pemabhengi emarudzi akasiyana

Izvo pamwe nemasangano epasi rose ezvemari kunewo nzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana:

• IEuropean Bank yekuvakazve nekugadzirisa - inokwezva zvikwereti munharaunda yeEurope yezvematongerwe enyika, uye inotorawo chikwereti chekuita basa.
• IEuropean Financial Society - inoita mabasa ebhangi munzvimbo yeEurope.
• European Investment Bank.
• Asian Development Bank - inopa zvikwereti zvinokwana kune dzimwe nyika dzeAsia.
• African Development Bank.
• Inter-American Development Bank.
• Sangano reArabhu States - rinopa hukama hwakanaka hwehupfumi pakati penyika dzeArabhu.

Summary

Sezvakakosha zvinokonzera mumusika wevatengi, kuvepo kwemari yezvemari uye yezvehupfumi kunobatanidza kuoneka kwezvikwata zvezvemari, maitiro ayo anosiyana zvichienderana nehuwandu hwekushanda kwavo. Vamwe vavo vanoshanda chete mubasa rekukweretesa, asi vamwe vanopa mazano kune masangano epamutemo uye masangano ehurumende. Panguva imwecheteyo, hurumende yezvematongerwo enyika, inopomerwa hurumende, inoshanda muukama hwepedyo nekambani yezvikwereti zvemari.