Sophistry ndiyo chikoro chakasiyana chefilosofi yekare

Nzira yemafungiro efilosofi mumazuva ose akaumbwa maererano neshoko rakafanana: zvose zvisikwa zvepasi rose zvinotsiviwa nedzidziso dzinopikisana nemarudzi ose emetaphysics uye dzinotarisa kukwana kwekuziva uye cognition. Kumusoro kweChechi uye Leibniz akauya Emanuel Kant, nokuda kwevanhu vanofarira zvezana ramakore rechigumi nemapfumbamwe naHegel - va positivists. MuGirisi yekare, chivako chezvesayenzi dzose, nefilosofi kunyanya, mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro aisingaperi. Chimwe chikoro chakatsoropodza uye chakatsoropodza mumwe, uye zvakare zvakasiyana. Zvisinei, pane vanhu vakagadzirisa sarudzo yepakutanga kumakakatanwa ose: kana zvikoro zvose zvefilosofi zvinopikisana mune zvinyorwa, zvichida zvese "zvokwadi" uye "nharo" dzavo ndezve "pfungwa"? Mushure mezvose, zvirokwazvo, hakuna munhu akaona Jehovha, kana Mwari Musiki, kana kuti kupera kana kusagona kuvapo. Sophistry - izvi ndizvo zvakafanana "piritsi" pamusoro pehondo dzisingagumi dzefilosofi.

Ndivanaani vaSophist?

Vamiririri vakakurumbira zvikuru vechikoro ichi vaiva Protagoras, Antiphont, Hippias, Gorgias, Prodicus, Lycophrenus. Sophistidzo iyi inoshandiswa pakudzidzisa kunaka, uchenjeri, nyanzvi uye nheyo dzehutungamiri. Panyaya dzemazuva ano, Dale Carnegie akaswedera pedyo naye . Kukurukurwa kwekare kune imwe yekutanga iyo iyo inonzi "vazive vatengesi" inomiririra, iyo yakaunza hutano hwemhando yehukama pakati pevadzidzi nevadzidzi - mutauriro unobatsira zvakakwana kutaurirana uye mafungiro.

Chii chakaitwa nevamiririri vechikoro ichi chepfungwa?

VaSophist vakadzidzisa kugutsa vanhu kuti vafunge vakasununguka uye vaibatanidza nekuonekwa kwema democracy mumaguta mazhinji eGreece. Vakaparidza mutemo wekutanga wekuenzana kwevanhu pakati pavo, kuisa pfungwa dzepfungwa uye pfungwa dzakaguma dzikaisa nheyo dzekuvakwa kwehukama hwemazuva ano mumunda wemutemo uye hurumende yekutonga. Sophistry ndiyo nheyo yepfungwa, mafilosofi efilosofi, manzwiro, mafungiro ekutanga kwezvitendero.

Izwi rokuti "sophist" rinorevei?

Sophistry chikoro chefilosofi chinopararira muGreece yekare. Iyi dzidziso yakatangwa nevasayendisiti kubva kuGreek polis Athena kumativi ekutanga kwezana remakore rechishanu BC. Izwi rokuti "sophist" pachake rinoshandurwa richibva muchiGiriki se "mashura". Saka vakanzi vadzidzisi vadzidzisi vaidzidzisa vanhu kunyorera. Zvinosuruvarisa, zvinyorwa zvebaba vakateya zvese zvakarasika zvakakwana, zvisingaiti chinhu chakasvika pamazuva edu. Zvisinei, nekubatsirwa kwemashoko asina kukodzera, zvaive zvichigoneka kuisa kuti iyi caste yefilosofi haina kuedza kuita chirongwa chakazara chedzidzo uye ruzivo. Havana kukoshesa kukosha kwekugadzirisa kwekudzidzisa. Chinangwa cheVaSophist chakanga chiri chimwechete-kudzidzisa vadzidzi kuti vasvike uye vaitisane nharo. Ndicho chikonzero nei zvinofungidzirwa kuti classical sophistry mufilosofi ndiyo dzidziso inoratidzira rhetoric.

"Senior" Sophists

Kubva pane zvinyorwa zvezvakaitika kare, tinogona kutaura pamusoro pekuvapo kwemashure maviri - "vakuru" uye "vaduku" mafirosofi e sophistry. "Vakuru" (Gorgias, Protagoras, Antiphonts) sophists vaiva vatsvakurudzi mumunda wezvetsika, zvematongerwe enyika, mutemo, uye nyika. Kubatana kwePragagoras, uyo akati "munhu ndiye chiyero chezvinhu," akaunza kukanganisa kwechokwadi mune chinangwa chayo kuchikoro ichi. Maererano nemafungiro e "vakuru" Sophists, nyaya inoshanduka uye inonaya, uye sezvo yakadaro, pfungwa inoshandurwa nekushandurwa nguva dzose. Nokudaro zvinotevera kuti chinhu chechokwadi chezviitiko chinenge chakavanzwa nenyaya yacho pachayo, iyo isingakwanisi kuratidza zvakakwana, kuitira kuti iwe unogona kutaura pamusoro pazvo sezvaunofarira. Sophistry yekare ye "vakuru" inonyatsozviisa pasi uye inogadzirisa kuwirirana kwezivo uye ruzivo. Vose vanyori vezviitiko izvi vanotevera pfungwa yokuti iyo pachayo haipo, sezvo ruzivo pamusoro paro harungagoni kuendeswa kune vamwe zvakajeka.

"Muduku" Sophists

Vamiririri "vaduku" vechikoro ichi chezivi, chinosanganisira Critia, Alcidamus, Lycophronus, Polemon, Hippodamus uye Frazymach, sophistry - ndiyo "kutonga" pfungwa nemashoko, kushandiswa kwenhema dzenhema dzaizoratidza zvose nhema uye chokwadi. MuchiGiriki, izwi rokuti "sophism" rinoreva "mano", anoratidzwa mubasa revateveri vekudzidzisa uku sekushandiswa kwemashoko anonyengera ari kutsausa. Mhedziso dzenhema dzakakonzerwa nekuputsa kwemafungiro dzakaparadzirwa zvikuru.

Methodological principles of sophistry

Chii chinonzi sophistry maererano neshoko rayo? Nzira yakakurumbira ndeye "katatu" kana chirevo chechillogism chakavhunika kuti hapanofanira kuva nemashoko matatu. Nokudaro, kufunga kwenhema kwakasikwa, umo kusingazivikanwe kwemazwi anoita seanofanana anoshandiswa. Somuenzaniso: "Mbavha haadi kutenga chero chinhu chisingadikanwi. Kuwana chinhu chakanaka chinhu chakanaka. Saka, mbavha inoda kuita chiito chakanaka. " Uyewo, nzira yakakurumbira ndeyekubatana kwepakati pese, apo kugoverwa kwemashoko kuburikidza nehuwandu kunovhiringidzwa mumhedziso yechillogistic. Semuenzaniso: vamiririri vanhu, vamwe vanhu vari kutamba violin, vese vamiririri vanoita violin.