Plato: zvinyorwa izvo munhu wose anofanira kunzwa

"Tarisiro - kurota kwekumuka ..." Zvinofadza kuti Plato - muzivi wekutanga, uyo mabasa ake akapona kusvikira panguva yedu, kwete muzvinyorwa zvataurwa, asi zvakare. Plato, ane mazwi akazara neuchenjeri nekufunga, akanga asingiri pasina mudzidzi weSocrates.

Biography

Zvakaoma kutumidza zuva chaiyo rokuberekwa kwemuzivi wechiGiriki chekare, asi vatsvakurudzi vanopindirana pane nguva 428-427 BC. E., kunze kwepakati pehondo yePeloponnesian. Zvinotendwa kuti Plato, ane mashoko anotaurwa pasi pose, haana kuberekwa musi wezuva, asi musi wekuzvarwa kwechiMwari Apollo (maererano nemanzwiro). Plato akaberekerwa mumhuri yepamusoro, iyo midzi yake yakakwira kumadzimambo eAttica. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vekare vakatsvakurudza mafilosofi vakanyora kuti mukomana akave nemuviri asina chaanopomerwa.

Mudzidzisi wake wokutanga aiva Cratylus, asi munguva pfupi paiva nekuzivana naSocrates, uyo akazova munhu anokosha pakuona kwenyika yaPlato. Socrates inowanika munenge minyorwa yose yanyori, iyo yakanyorwa nenzira yekukurukurirana pakati pevanhu chaivo kana vanofungidzira. Apo mudzidzisi wake akafa, muzivi akafamba rwendo. MuSicily, akaedza kuumba nyika yakanaka, iyo inotongerwa chete nevakachenjera, asi kuedza kwakanga kusina korona yekubudirira. Munguva pfupi Plato akadzokera kuAtene ndokutanga chikoro - Academy. Maererano nenhau, mupfungwa anofera musi wekuzvarwa kwake, uye akavigwa muChikemy. Anovigwa pasi pezita reAristocles ("rakanakisisa kubwinya"), iyo inonzi ndiyo zita rake chaiyo.

Mabasa

Plato akanyora nezvei? Muzivi wekare wechiGiriki akanyora mabasa mazhinji akabatanidzwa mu "Platonic Corps". Iko kuunganidza kune mairi zvinyorwa zvose zvinobatanidzwa nezita refilosofi kubvira panguva yekare. Plato pachake haana kunyanya kushandiswa mukugadzirisa kwemabasa ake, nokuti iye akaitwa naAristophanes weByzantium uye Trassillus. Zvinyorwa zvemazuva ano zvemuzivi wekare wechiGiriki zvakashandurwa kuvaverengi naHenri Etienne - chiFrench chichilologist Hellenist chezana remakore rechi16.

Ontology

Plato, ane zvataurwa zvinoshanda kumativi akawanda ehupenyu, ndiye aiva nheyo uye mutsigiri wezvinangwa. Izvi zvinorevei? Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu anogona kunge aripo chete kuburikidza nepfungwa (eidos). Vatsvakurudzi vakasvika pakagumisa kuti muzivi, nemafungiro, zvinoreva kwete chete pfungwa, asiwo chinangwa chacho uye chinokonzera kuvapo. Anotsoropodza dzidziso yezvinyengeri zvezvinhu zvose, achitaura kuti zvinhu zvose zviri munyika zvakabatana.

Plato anonyanya kukoshesa pfungwa yezvakanaka, izvo zvisingafadzi kana kushandiswa, asi chikomborero chaizvoizvo. Ichi chirevo anofananidza neSuva, iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa zvakanaka.

Mashoko aPlato pamusoro pehurumende

Pfungwa yehurumende yakavakirwa pamatatu makuru "mashawi": vatongi-vazivi, mauto nevashandi. Pfungwa huru ndeyokuti nyika inofanira kuva yakasimba. Izvi zvinogona kuwanikwa chete kana vanhu vachitungamirirwa nedare remakurukota evanhu vakachenjera, nharaunda yehurumende inodzivirirwa kubva pamigumo inogona kuitwa nehondo yakasimba, uye izvi zvinoshandiswa nevanhu vosewo zvavo. Iyi kupatsanurwa kwemabasa, maererano naPlato, ndiyo inonyanya kururamisa uye yakarurama. Pasinei nokuti pfungwa idzi dzinofanirwa zvakakodzera nguva yavo, muzivi anofunga kuti mufaro weumwe munhu hauiti basa guru rekufara kwemutemo wose. Uye pasinei neizvi, anonyora kuti: "Kuchengeta mufaro wevamwe, tinowana isu" uye "Ndeapi varanda, vavengi vakawanda."

Chiizve icho Plato anoziva? Mumwe muzivi wechiGiriki wechiGiriki akaumba muenzaniso wemhando yakanaka:

• 4 estate, iyo yakakamurwa maererano nenzvimbo yeimba;
• Izvo zvakaoma zvikuru kutungamira hurongwa;
• Kubvumira mari, pfuma yako uye kusikwa kwemhuri nevanhu vanobva mumapoka akasiyana;
• Chirevo chakasimba chezvikamu zvose zvevanhu nehurumende.

Mashoko aPlato pamusoro pehupenyu

Sezvakataurwa kare, zvinoreva hupenyu hwemunhu zvinofanira kushandiswa mukugadzirisa. Muchiitiko ichi, haufaniri kunge yakakosha uye inoshanda, asi zvimwe zvinyorwa, zviripo kune iwe pachako. Ndicho chikonzero hupenyu hwomudzidzi huri hwakanakisisa zvikuru.

Munhu anofungidzira anotenda kuti hupenyu hwemunhu hunotungamirirwa nemitemo yake mitatu: pfungwa, hasha uye chido. Pfungwa inotsvaka zivo uye mabasa anoziva. Kutanga kwechisimba kunotikomberedza kuti tikunde matambudziko uye tiite zvinodiwa. Kutanga kunotyisa kunonyangadza kumweya, sekuratidzwa mune zvishuvo zvisingaperi: "Kuvandudza kufara kunowanzoenderana nekufara, asi mitambo isina mhosva."

Kubhadhara zvakanyanya kuhupenyu hwepanyama, nyanzvi uyewo anoratidza pamweya. Anopa nharo ina muchikonzero chekuti mweya wemunhu hauna kufa. Anotenda kuti mushure mokufa, mweya yedu inoenderera mberi iripo mune imwe nharaunda.

Nezvemunhu

Mashoko anonyanya kuzivikanwa naPlato pamusoro pomunhu anowanzoreva mweya - nokusingaperi uye umwe. Ndiye iye anoda chizivo, uye "anovakumbira" kubva kumunhu: "Munhu isimba risingaverengeki, bipedal rine misumari yakadzika, iyo inotanga kuziva." Nyanzvi inoziva chirevo chedualistic chemweya wemunhu, ndiko kuti, mazano maviri anopikisana. Muchiitiko ichi, ndicho chido chomunhu anoona "anokunda". Kunyadziswa kukuru kwakakodzerwa nemurume akabatwa mukudavira mashura.

Kunyora mhinduro yemigumisiro yenyaya ino, ndinoda kutaura kuti zvizhinji zvemashoko aPlato zvakakosha kusvikira nhasi. Somuenzaniso, ndeyekuti: "Kutanga kwakanaka kwave kutove hafu yehondo."

Zvechokwadi, pane dzimwe nguva munhu anofanira kutendeukira kune inzwi rake romukati, uye asingatauri pamusoro pekuti upenyu huri gwepa, husina kuchena uye hunopera. Plato, ane mazwi anobatsira kutarisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasiyana, akatenda kuti ndicho chido icho chinotarisa kuguma kwevanhu.