Kudavira chii? Kunyengera mufilosofi

Nekutanga kwemaindasitiri ekubudirira muEurope, nyika yose yevanhu yakanga ichikurumidza kuchinja. Yakanyatsogadzira sayenzi: mishonga ye textile yakaonekwa, yakaumbwa metallurgy, dzakawanda zviitiko zvakasikwa zvakatsanangurwa kubva pakuona kwefizikiki. Somugumisiro, dzidziso dzeChechi yeKaturike dzakabvunzwa, uye vadzidzisi vaitambudzwa vakatanga kutambudza (Inquisition).

Yenyika yeEurope yezana remakore rechi16 nemakore rechi17 yakada dzidziso itsva, iyo yakapa vanhu mhinduro dzakakwana kumibvunzo yakamuka. Mibvunzo yakanga isina kugadziriswa mukati megadziriro yechitendero yakanzi "deism".

Tsanangudzo

Chii chinorehwa nekunyengera? Zvinokwanisika here kuifunga kuti ichitendero?

Kudavira mufilosofi ndiko kutungamirirwa kwevekufunga kwevanhu kwakasimuka muzana remakore rechi17. Icho chirevo chekufungidzira pamwe nepfungwa yaMwari. Maererano nekunyengedzera, chikonzero chikuru chekubuda kwenyika chaive Mwari kana chimwe Chikonzero Chapamusoro. Ndiye iye akatsigira kukurudzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoshamisa uye zvakanaka zvakatipoteredza. Akabva asiya nyika kuti akure maererano nemitemo yepanyama.

Kudavira kwemafirosofi kwakauya pamusoro pekutenderera kwebourgeoisie, iyo yairamba kutendeseka uye simba risina simba reChechi.

Yenguva yekuziva kuti chii chinonzi demism: chitendero, filosofi, kana pfungwa yenyika? Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzinotsanangurwa dzinorondedzera sehutungamiri kana kubuda kwemafungiro anotsanangura pasi rose. Kudavira hakuna chokwadi chechitendero, nokuti inoramba dzidziso. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinototsanangurira hutungamiri huno hwehuzivi sekusava nehuMwari husingazivikanwi.

Kudavira kwakabva kupi?

Nyika yokumusha yezvinyengeri yaiva England, saka dzidziso yakakurumbira muFrance neGermany. Munyika imwe neimwe nhungamiro yacho yakanga ine mavara ayo, pamwe chete nemafungiro evanhu. Idzi nyika nhatu dzakanga dziri nzvimbo dzenheyo dzeZvhenekeri, dzakawanda zvekutsvaga kwesayenzi zvakaitika chaizvo mavari.

MuEngland, kukanganisa kwakanga kusina kuparadzirwa munyika yose pakati pevanhu vakadzidza. Icho chete chidimbu chiduku chevanyori nevafilosofi vanotungamirirwa naIshe Cherbury "akaratidza" nepfungwa itsva. Vakanyora mabasa mazhinji zvichienderana nemafungiro evanozivi vekare. Muvambi we deism akashora mhosva kereke: aidavira kuti ane simba risingaverengeki, zvichienderana nekutenda kwemapofu kwevanhu.

Zita rechipiri rokuti deism ndeye chitendero chepfungwa, chinotsanangurwa mubhuku rinonzi Treatise on Truth, basa reCherbury. Nhamba yepamusoro yekuzivikanwa kwehutungamiri muEngland yakawira pahafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi18: pfungwa dze dzidziso dzakatanga kugoverwa kunyange nevanhu vechitendero.

Chakukosha zvikuru chakanga chichida kuFrance: Voltaire, Mélier naMontesquieu vakatsoropodza simba rechechi. Havana kupikisana nekutenda muna Mwari, asi kupesana nekudziviswa uye zvigadziriswe zvakatemerwa nechitendero, pamwe chete nehukuru hwevashandi vechechi.

Voltaire ndiro chiyiko chikuru muFrench Chiedza. Mumwe musayendisiti kubva kumuKristu anochinja. Anoziva kutenda kwepamusoro, kwete bofu.

Vatendi veGermany vakaverenga mabasa emazuva avo echiRungu neFrench. Ipapo vakaumba sangano rakakurumbira rokuti "Chiedza". Mumwe muzivi weGermany Wolff akanga ari mutezo: nokuda kwake, chitendero chechiPurotesitendi chakasununguka.

Vanodzvinyirira - vanozivikanwa vanozivikanwa kare kare uye masayendisiti

Hazvishamisi kuti classical kuzvipira kwekunyengera kune dzidzo yepamusoro uye yaifarira nhoroondo. Apo munhu anoziva physics, hazvibviri kumuvimbisa kuti murarairi kana kutinhira chinhu chinoshamisa chaMwari. Musayendisiti anogona kufunga kuti chikonzero chikuru chezvose ndiye Mwari, uyo akaumba nyika yakajeka uye yakanaka, akamupa mitemo ine musoro, maererano nezvose zvinorarama uye zvinofamba. Asi Wemasimbaose haapindiri mune zviitiko zvinoramba zvichiitika. Zvinowanikwa maererano nemitemo yakasununguka.

Anozivikanwa deists vaiva:

• Isaac Newton.
• Voltaire.
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
• David Hume.
• Alexander Radishchev.
• Jean Bodin.
• Jean Baptiste Lamarque.
• Mikhail Lomonosov.

Mazano ekunyengera anoramba achizivikanwa. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzekuMadokero dzinopesana - dzinonzwisisa kutanga kwaMwari kwenyika, nepo vachiziva munda wavo wesayenzi zvakanaka kwazvo.

Unyanzvi, kuvengana, kutenderera kwepenism - chii chakasiyana?

Kusiyana pakati pezvinzwika zvakafanana zvakafanana:

• Utano ndeye pfungwa inofunga kubva pakutenda muna Mwari mumwe chete. Zvitendero zviviri zvenyika - ChiKristu neIslam - ndezvechihedheni. Dzinotaura nezvezvitendero zvechimwechete, ndiko kuti, vanoziva Mwari mumwe chete.
• Kutendeseka haisi chitendero, sezvakataurwa kare, asi kubvumirana kwemashoko maviri: pfungwa dzeMusiki nemitemo yesayenzi. Icho chirevo chefilosofi hachina kubva pakuzarurirwa, asi inoziva chikonzero, njere uye nhamba dze data.
• Pantheism ishoko rechitendero uye refilosofi rinofananidza Mwari nemasikirwo. Kunzwisisa "Mwari" kunobvira kuburikidza nekukwirirana nezvose uye nemasikirwo.

Kana tatsanangura pfungwa idzi, tinonyora kusiyana kukuru pakati pezvirevo izvi kubva kune umwe neumwe:

• Utano hwakafanana nechitendero. Anoziva kuvapo kweMwari mumwe chete akasika nyika uye kusvikira nhasi uno anobatsira vanhu. Pantheism uye deism ndiwo mazano ekuzivikanwa anotsanangura urongwa hwepasi.
• Kudavira ndiko kukwira kwepfungwa, kusanganisa pfungwa yaMwari, uyo akasika zvinhu zvose, uye pfungwa yekufambira mberi kwenyika ino maererano nemimwe mitemo, iko kusina kupindira kweMusiki. Pantheism ishoko refilosofi rinoratidza chirevo chaMwari nemasikirwo. Kudavira uye kufungidzira kune zvinhu zvakasiyana zvachose izvo zvisingafaniri kuvhiringidzirana.

Kufurirwa kwezvinyengeri pakuvandudzika kwefilosofi

Kudavira mufilosofi inzira yakakwana, iyo yakaita kuti pave nemamwe maonero matatu enyika:

• Empiricism.
• Kuda pfuma.
• Atheism.

Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzeGermany dzakavimba nemaonero ekunyengera. Kant akavashandisa mubasa rake rakakurumbira "Chitendero mukati memafungiro oga." Kunyange zvinyorwa zveEuropean Enlightenment zvakasvika kuRussia: muzana remakore rechi18 ne19, humwe hutungamiri hutsva hwakave huchizivikanwa pakati pevanhu vechiRussia vanofambira mberi.

Maonero ezvokudavira akaita kuti:

• Kurwisana nekusarura uye mashura.
• Kuparadzirwa kwezivo yesayenzi.
• Kutaura kwakanaka kwekufambira mberi.
• Kukura kwekufunga kwevanhu.

Mhedziso

Kudavira - iyi ndiyo nzira yakakosha yekufambisa mufilosofi, yakakurumidza kupararira muEurope munguva yeChiedza. Mafungiro ekufungisisa evasayendisiti vepakati pekare, mafirosofi nevanofunga vakabatanidza pfungwa yaMwari Musiki nesayenzi yekuwana.

Tinogona kutaura kuti chikumbiro chepachena chechirongwa chitsva chepasi rose chakagutsikana. Kudavira kwakabatsira pakusimudzirwa kwesayenzi, unyanzvi uye kusununguka.