Saponins - chii ichocho? Tsanangudzo, tsanangudzo

Saponin chemikemikari (uye glycosides, saponizides kana heterozides) ndeyezvinyorwa zve triterpenoids uye steroid. Ive nechomukati uye hemolytic, uye inewo inotyisa kune mhuka inotonhora yakawanda. Saponins akaparadzaniswa kuva triterpene uye steroid. Izvo zviri muhutu, mashizha, maruva, midzi nemichero yemiti. Izvo zvinhu zvinosanganisira makhabhohydrates uye aglycons.

Tsanangudzo uye maitiro

Chero ani saponin, ane zvinhu zvine maitiro akawanda, ane chimiro chakakosha pane zvisikwa zvipenyu. Izvi zvinokonzera hemolysis ye erythrocytes uye inoshandisa cholesterol (nekuda kweiyo membrane ye erythrocyte inorasikirwa nemirairo yayo). Chiito chesafonin chinotungamirira kupinda kweHemoglobin muropa. Somugumisiro wezviitiko izvi, basa rezvipembenene rinopwanyika mumhuka dzinotonhorera.

Zvipenyu zvakawanda zvinoparara kubva kune chepfu, iyo inoita saronin. Chii ichocho? Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemaamorphous kana crystalline hygroscopic zvinhu zvehuni huno (kana kuti husina ruvara). Saponins anozivikanwa nekunyunguduka kwepamusoro uye kuora kwekushisa. Vanokwanisa kuderedza kuvhiringidzika kwepasi, nekuda kwekuti, kana kuzununguswa, mararamiro avo anogadzirisa anoumba mhepo yakawanda yakaoma. Mu chloroform, benzene uye diethyl ether, siponins haasviki. Kana zvisina kudaro, mamiriro acho ane mvura, ethanol uye methanol. Mune idzi hydrophilic solvents, saponins inogadziriswa munyaya yepamusoro yezvinyorwa zve monosaccharides mumamolekoro avo.

Mienzaniso yefonin muzvisikwa

Hapana mhuri imwe yemiti inosanganisira saponins. Pakuzara, masayendisiti ane masangano anenge 40 akafanana. Mitsara yemiti yakadaro inosanganisa saponins. Chii ichocho? Kazhinji kazhinji ichi chikamu chemakemikari yemiti yepasi. Triterpene saponins inofanana nevhave, aral, legume, maziso ebhuruu, sedimentary, conchascant, rosaceous, nezvimwe. Izvi ndizvo zvinomera zvakadai se licorice, ginseng kana, somuenzaniso, aralia.

Steroid saponins chikamu chemichero yemhuri yeairini, nymph, agave, dioscoreal, nezvimwewo. Boka iri rinosanganisira sarsaparilla, digitalis uye dioscorea.

Zvinonakidza kuti vamiririri vemiti yepasi vanopa saponins kuti vadzivirire pakurwisa zvirwere. Saka, glycosides inokurudzira chiyero chekukura kwavo, kusagadzikana kunetseka nekuvandudza kumera. Nokushandiswa saponin, kuumbwa kwecarotenoid pigments inobata mukutora photosynthesis. Chinhu chacho chinogona kubudiswa mumashizha, kubva kwairi kutakurwa kuburikidza nezvose zvakasara. Chidimbu chakakosha chinochengetwa mumasero chaiwo ematemu uye epidermis. Pakupedzisira, inowira mu rhizome inotarisira kubereka mbeu. Saponins inobudiswa nekuwedzerwa kukurumidza kana kukanganisa kune mashizha.

Hydrolysis uye monosaccharide zvakagadzirwa

Biological saponins mumiti yakasvibiswa neacids. Vanogona kugadzira molecular complexes ne lipids, sterols, mapuroteni uye phenolic makemikari. Saponins (kunyanya kunyanya, marubhi-carhydrate yavo) inobva 1 kusvika ku11 monosaccharides. Zvichienderana nezviyero izvi, chinhu chacho ndechimwe rudzi: oligosides, pentosides, triosides, biosides, monosides.

Kazhinji kazhinji vane zvinhu zvakadai seD-xylose, D-glucose, D-galactose, L-arabinose, L-rhamnose, nezvimwe zvakadaro zvinosanganisira saponins. Chii ichocho? Monosaccharides ndiwo makemikari anoumbwa anoumba carbon maketani anogona kuiswa branched kana kuti akasiyana. Steroidal saponin yemarudzi inosanganisira 1-5 zvinhu zvakadaro, apo triterpenes inogona kuverenga nhamba 10 kana kupfuura.

Kuwedzerwa kwesafonins

Iko kushandiswa kweSaponins kubva kune zvakasikwa zvakasikwa zvakasikwa zvinowanikwa mumatanho akawanda. Chokutanga, kuwedzera kunowanikwa (kutamisa zvinhu kubva kune yakasimba kusvika kune imwe mvura ine gasi). Ipapo iyo yakagadzirirwa zvinhu inonatswa uye yakaparadzaniswa.

Nekuwedzera, polar solvents - ethanol uye methanol ine zvakasiyana-siyana zvinoshandiswa. A solution ye sodium chloride inoshandiswa zvakare. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kusati kwatorwa, zvinyorwa zvinoshandiswa ne ether uye carbon. Pasina iyi nzira, hazvibviri kuparadza zvinokonzera zvinogadzikana zvinosanganisira saponins, mapuroteni, sterols uye phenolic makemikari.

Kuchenesa

Nzira yekuchenesa ma saponins inowanikwa inobva pane zvakagadzirwa. Semuenzaniso, zvinyorwa zvinonzi polar hazvina kunyanya kusanganiswa mumethyl uye ethyl doro, uye painotonhora kana kuwedzerwa kweethanol vanoumba unhu hunopera. Kana zvisina kudaro, mamiriro acho ane glycosides. Vanopera mushure mekudzikinura nemvura yezvinodhaka zvewaini, uye vanoparadzawo zvisina kunaka mumvura iyo pachayo. Zvakakosha kuti alkali ichenese sapinins. Uyewo pane maitiro acetone, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, isoamyl uye butyl alcohols.

Imwe nzira yekuchenesa inobva pane imwe nzvimbo yeasaponins kuumba munyu-insoluble salt pamwe chete nemutambo acetate kana barium hydroxide. Mushure mekugadzirira kwezvinetso zvakadaro, zvinoparara. Nzira dzakadaro dzinodiwa kuitira kuti ipe yakachena saponins. Chii ichocho? Idzi ndidzo dzakanakisisa uye dzakasvibiswa-zvisikwa zvisizvo zvine maitiro akasiyana.

Chromatographic kuparadzaniswa

Chero chipi zvacho chemiti (semuenzaniso flavonoids, saponins, nezvimwewo) zvinoda kurapwa zvakanaka. Pavanenge vacheneswa, kuwedzera kune nzira dzatangorondedzerwa, kuparadzaniswa kwechromatographic kunowanzoshandiswa nhasi. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinokonzerwa neAactic acid, n-butanol, chloroform, aqueous ammonia, n-propyl alcohol, methanol, nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa.

Kutevera kusarudzwa kwechromatographic separation, kurapwa ne acidic reagents-phosphoric-molybdic acid, antimony pentachloride, nezvimwewo, inotanga.Sekuguma, saponins inoumba mapurisa-akabatanidzwa nemasikirwo asina kuiswa. Zvinogona kuvezwa zvitsvuku-violet kana pinki (zvichienderana nehutano hwezvinhu).

Kushanda

Saponi dzinoshandiswa nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana. Semuenzaniso, zvinowedzerwa kune mhepo inoputika mumoto dzinodzimisa moto (nemhaka yekuti zvinhu izvi zvinoumba mutezo wakawanda). Saponins akabatanidzwawo muhutano hwekusimudza uye emulsions, nokudaro kugadzirisa zvirongwa izvi kuparadzira. Zvimwe zveboka iri zvinopesana mukudzikisa zvinhu, zvinoita kuti zvive chinhu chinokosha che sese.

Saponins inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa zvimwe zvinwiwa (somuenzaniso, doro), uyewo confectionery (halva). Izvo zvinobudiswa sezvokudya uye zvinovaka muviri. Inoshandiswawo mumashandi ekurapa (sedatives, tonic, expectorants, zvirwere, nezvimwewo). Pasinei nemigumisiro yekurapa, saponins nekuda kwehutano hwavo inoda kungwarira kana yakashandiswa.

Shandisa mune pharmacology

Saponins of licorice vave vachizivikanwa kwenguva refu nokuda kwevanorwisa-allergen uye anti-inflammatory effects. Kugadzirira kunobva kwavari kunogona kuva pfupa, sirasi kana chidimbu. Miti ye licorice ndiyo nheyo yemapiritsi. Inowedzerwa kuvandudza kunakirwa kwemishonga uye kugadzirira. Licorice inoshandiswa munyaya yezvirwere zvehutachiona zveganda nemararamiro, uyewo mumarara.

Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chesafonin kubva pakuona kwemafaromology ndeye glycyrrhetin uye glycyrrhizic acid. Pachikonzero chavo, zvinodhaka zvinokonzerwa zvinobatsira mukurwisana nehuponi hwechirwere. Chimwe chinhu chinoshanda chinhu chinonzi flavonoid. Izvi zvinoumba chikamu che Flacarbine uye lyciritone, iyo ine antiulcer, antisecretory, antispasmodic uye anti-inflammatory effects. Iyi mishonga inoshandiswa mumamiriro ekudzivirira chironda chechirwere uye zveodenal ulcers kana gastritis.

Mhinduro inobatsira ye ginseng yakange ichizivikanwa kumabvazuva kwemamiriyoni emakumi emakore, apo ichi choga chave chave chichirumbira mishonga uye chinomiririra chinonzi "mudzi wehupenyu". MuChina neKorea inoshandiswa pakubika. Midzi ye ginseng ine simba uye inogutsa, inoshandiswa se adaptogen. Nhengo dzinobva pane izvi reagents dzinoshandiswa mukurapa kwezvinyorwa zvinonzi adrenal. Kuiswa kwesafonin mu ginseng kunosvika pakukwirira apo muchero unosvika makore matanhatu.

Kuchinja pamuviri womunhu

Sezvakaita alkaloids, saponins ine simba pamutano wevanhu. Apo inonyorerwa mumuromo wemuromo kana pamakumbo emakumbo emhino nemaziso, zvinokonzera kutsamwa. Kuvharidza kwakanyanya kwezvitsvina zvinotanga, izvo zvinobatsira kubvisa sputum uye kunobatsira bronchi. Zvisinei, mazamu easiponin emuviri womunhu angave akawandisa. Muchiitiko ichi, kutsamwa kwemukati uye mudumbu kunoitika. Izvozvo zvinosvibisa zvezvinhu izvi zvinotungamirira mukurutsa, kushungurudza, kusuruvara uye chirwere.

Saponins inobatsira sezvinhu, nekuda kwekuti mamwe mishonga inokurumidza kupinda mumuviri womunhu. Chiito chavo chinoenderana neshizha. Mukuwedzera kune zvakataurwa kare, zvinogona kuva antiulcer, runyoro runyoro, adaptogenic, corticotropic uye diuretic effect.

Raw materials

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinowanzoitika zvezvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvekuparadzanisa saponins ndiManchu aralia. Iko muti muduku uye unokurumidza kukura une urefu hwemamita matatu kusvika ku6. Inoratidzika nehuwandu hwemidzi yakadzika uye inoratidzika semuti wemuchindwe. Miti yacho inoparidzwa muHarare East yeRussia, kusanganisira Khabarovsk Territory, Primorsky Krai uye Amur Region.

Saponins anowanikwa mumidzi yeAralia. Pavanenge vakohwa, zvinomera zvine makore mashanu kusvika ku15 zvinoshandiswa. Mitsara inokohwa muvhuvhu kana mumatsutso asati asvinura mashizha. Vanozvichera nehokwe nemafoshoro. Zvadaro, kuoma kunodikanwa, kazhinji kunowanikwa mune zvakashata zvakaoma, kutonhora kunosvika 60 ° C. Irofu rehupenyu hwezvinhu zvakadai zvinhu zviya makore matatu.