Solovetsky chitsuwa chacho zvinokwezva. How kuenda Solovetsky Islands, chii kuona

Solovetsky Islands ndivo akasiyana nzvimbo. On a rezvitsuwa duku muGungwa White kwakasimbiswa dzakasiyana dzinongoitika, nhoroondo netsika kunzwisisa, hapana analogues munyika. The pakukura uye akapfuma zvinokwezva ndiyo chitsuwa Solovki, izvo kwemazana emakore anoshanda akakurumbira Solovetsky wemamongi.

muzvarirwo

Zviwi akazviratidza makore 9.000 apfuura mumwe nzendo paumbwe Sea White, apo pashure kunyunguduka guru mazizaya chakaitika compensatory kukurudzira ivhu. 2/3 rose rezvitsuwa nzvimbo inoremekedzwa Bolshoi Solovetsky Island.

Rezvitsuwa iri muna taiga wongoramba. Zvikuru wakajeka uye nzvimbo yakasiyana-siyana chitsuwa: makomo marefu asvimhe madziva akawanda, maruva Mafuro - marshes. 70% of nzvimbo yakafukidzwa masango, kunyanya spruce uye mupaini. About 5% of nzvimbo weveta achinaya mvura zvivako. Dry voronichnye achinaya mvura kwese kuti romumhenderekedzo yegungwa mapazi apo vari uchiteverwa bhendi krivostvolnyh Birch (Birch ichitenderera). Nechepakati chikamu chitsuwa pachinzvimbo watemwa uye moto kuchiitika Birch uye masango Aspen. Meadows pamahombekombe uye pakati pachitsuwa inogarwa 0.1-0.2% of zvachose nzvimbo uye vanoonekwa ne mupfumi kwemarudzi Zvinoumba kumafuro zvinomera. About 15% neezviwi anoumba nomumachakwi aine predominance pakati Upland uye Transitional mhuka. -siyana zvakadai nharaunda, akapa pamusoro munharaunda dzinenge 300 mativi makiromita, ndiyo chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvakasikwa zviri Solovetsky yezvitsuwa.

Pazvitsuwa kune vanopfuura 550 madhamu. Ivo dzinosiyana kukura, chimiro, mavambo, ruvara mvura, asi vose yevedza chaizvo.

ari Solovetsky Islands varipiko

Solovetsky rezvitsuwa zvinosanganisira mikuru muzvitsuwa matanhatu uye anopfuura zana duku, iri kumadokero weGungwa White muna 290? Km kuchamhembe-rwamavirazuva rweguta Arkhangelsk, nepakati Arkhangelsk nharaunda. The zvachose nzvimbo zvitsuwa zviri 300 akaenzana makiromita. Ivo dzinosanganisira zvitsuwa akafanana:

• Solovetsky (Solovetsky Large) - 218,72 mativi makiromita;
• Anzersky - 47,11 km²;
• Most Muksalma - 18,96 km²;
• Kudzika Muksalma - 1,2 mativi makiromita;
• Big 3ayatsky - 1.25 mativi makiromita;
• Small Zayatsky - 1,1 km².

nyaya

Nhoroondo Solovetsky Islands rinotanga kukura murume Late Mesolithic. The III Millennium BC gungwa vavhimi uye vabati vehove akawana Solovetsky Islands uye akatanga kukura kwavo, urwo rwakatora kusvikira Middle Ages. Solovki akawana dzakawanda zvisaririra nemari yavo-utilitarian uye echitendero: vanopfuura 20 nemisha, misasa uye okudhindira, zvina tsvene akabatana nzvimbo yekare, chaizvo chete ibwe labyrinths, zviuru zvaishandiswa.

Chinyakare vagari Solovki vaiita chaiyo kunovhima zvomumvura mhuka uye chitsuwa kugungwa dondo mutambo, hove, uye mumhenderekedzo yegungwa vaunganidzi, zvichiita ibwe nematurusi. In munda muunganidzwa nzvimbo pazvakawanikwa miseve, mapfumo, kunovhima namatemo, ibwe zvimiso, Ceramics, nemamwe iconic kuchera demo uye nezvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji. Vagari yekare rezvitsuwa vaiita pakuvaka ibwe labyrinths, izvo akavaka tsvene.

Mujinga Stauropegial Solovetsky Monastery

chitsuwa Solovetsky akava nzvimbo yemamongi rakaumbwa muna 30s ari XV remakore wakabva Cyril pakati Belozersk uye Valaam Monastery mamongi Savvatii, Germany uye Zosima sezvo yokugara "Muponesi uye Chudotvortsa Nikolaya". Panguva XV-XVI emakore. yemamongi zvishoma akakura, kuwana nhaka yake zvikuru muzvitsuwa yezvitsuwa.

By kuguma XV remakore parutivi mamongi dzakavakwa emapuranga kukereke matatu: kubvuma, St. Nicholas uye chitarisiko, vakawanda yematanda masero uye outbuildings, akanyudzwa kupfurikidza yemapuranga noruzhowa.

Munhare Russian North womudzimu

In pakati XVI remakore wemamongi vanopinda nguva chakakomba kwezvoupfumi kunoparirwa chokuita nezita Abbot Firipi (Kolycheva), muvandudzi, mapurani, simba uye unyanzvi Economist. Pano muna 1550-1560-ies rwaiitwa enzira, asi chitsuwa rakavakwa B. Muksalma "mukaka muchivanze" pamwe nondo uye mombe. Kugovera Vagari wemamongi pemvura 52 Lake Solovetsky zvitsuwa chokuita nokunwa makwara. Nokuti enhare 1582-1594 gg. Rakanga ndokumisa rwematombo neshongwe uye masuo. Annunciation (Gate) Church yakavakwa muna 1596-1600 gg.

Muzana XVII remakore Solovetsky yemamongi mberi kuumbwa somunhu administrative, zvoupfumi, pakunamata, mauto, zvematongerwo enyika uye zvetsika muzinda Gungwa White. Muna XVIII-XX emakore. Aiva mumwe nzvimbo kuutapwa uye mujeri enyika matsotsi.

kweSoviet

Pashure pokuchinja muna 1917 akatanga kuumba Russia itsva. Solovetsky Islands vakarega kuva musimboti pakunamata uye wemamongi yakaguma. Muna April 1920, ivo Arkhangelsk ruwa Commission akatanga nationalization pamusoro penhaka wemamongi. Rakarongwa nokuda Office Solovki zvitsuwa, uye panguva imwe chete yakarongwa purazi "Solovki", iro akavapo kusvikira 1923. Pokugadzwa purazi hazvirevi kubviswa monasticism. About 200 mamongi vaiva vashandi rehurumende, rakarongwa nenzira chitendero chemunharaunda vane mabasa rinotungamirirwa Office Solovki zvitsuwa.

The Gulag zvitsuwa

Kubva muna 1923 kusvika 1939 chitsuwa uye zvose zvivako aimbova Solovetsky wemamongi inogarwa Solovki mumusasa NKVD (Nzou). Takarongwa pahwaro Kholmogory, Pertominskogo uye Arkhangelsk, musasa Solovki aiva mumwe pakukura Russia. The Zvinoumba vasungwa vari SLON zvakachinja panguva dzakasiyana. Pakati pavo paiva vamiririri Russian vakakwirira, chechi, vakadzidza, zvose enyika pre-echimurenga kumapati, mhosva zvinhu vanenge uchatendiswa wechipfuwo remabasa, vamiririri vemapato National uye nevamwe vakawanda.

Pakati penhapwa vakanga akanyorwa nzou vasayendisiti uye vemifananidzo, vanyori, vananyanduri, vatungamiriri vechitendero Russia: muzvinafundo, iwe wenhau kwavatumwa Anisimov, ID wenhau Antsiferov muvambi BA Artemyev, Professor SA Askol'dov dzakaitika BB Bakhtin, yokudhirowa kureva Braz, ari wedzinza Decembrists AB Bobrishchev-Dushkin, nyanduri MN Crow, ethnographer NN Vinogradov, munyori 0.B. Bolkiah, wezvenhau Herman Gordon, mudetembi AK Gorsky, academician DS Likhachev, mupristi, nyanzvi uye weduramanzwi DA Florensky nevamwe.

Rainzwika zvenhau netsika kunzwisisa

Cultural uye Historic Ensemble of Solovetsky Islands - ose, nemamwe pakururama uye kukwana yokupona zvirimo ensembles uye zvivako, nzvimbo dzokunamatira, pekugara, kudzivirira, zvoupfumi, waterworks, mugwagwa nomumbure uye kudiridza Ages hurongwa, uyewo matongo nzvimbo, zvivako, uchiratidza yekare uye Ages domonastyrskuyu chitsuwa tsika. Ivo kusimbiswa dzakasiyana makuru zvitsuwa rezvitsuwa, asi munharaunda yakakura uye munhoroondo interconnected, vanoumba chete, indivisible yose. Its dzakasiyana zvinoriumba vose nguva nhoroondo rezvitsuwa rose Russian North.

The constituent zvikamu zvenhau netsika kunzwisisa Solovetsky zvitsuwa zviri:

• Wemamongi-nhare XV-XX emakore, Aimbova yemamongi kugarwa pamusoro XVI-XX emakore dzemamongi uye magwenga XVI-XX emakore...
• Kumorwa dumba chitsuwa hydraulic uye kudiridza nehurongwa;
• Zvivako "tsvene-kupaka» III-I zvemakore BC B. Zayatsky Anzersky uye zvitsuwa;
• chirangaridzo zvivako Groups Task Solovetsky misasa 1923-1939 gg. mumusha uye nzvimbo imwe fekitari chidhinha;
• Natural nharaunda.

Center chenhau netsika kunzwisisa pakati rezvitsuwa ndiwo Solovetsky wemamongi - a RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA yakasiyana Architectural ensemble. kuvaka Its inoshamisa akakura, inopenya nomumwe chimiro zvivako zvakawanda uye panguva imwecheteyo kuvimbika zvose nhengo dzayo.

Other zvinokwezva

Archaeological uye mapurani pazvivako, nzvimbo zvenhau uye zvinoshamisa zvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvinenge zvose Solovetsky Islands. Zvinotyisa akakodzera vainyatsotarisirwa dziri anotevera pazvitsuwa:

• Anzersky: Trinity wemamongi (the XVII), Trinity Church (1880-1884), Gorogota-Crucifixion Skete (XIX).
• Big Zayatsky: Zayatsky (St. Andrew) yemamongi (the XVI), dombo Harbor, Stone Harbor (the XVI), Church of St. Andrew.
• Most Muksalma: Sergiev Hermitage (XVI), dombo Dam, unobva Muksalma makuru Solovetsky Island (XIX).

Flora

Labyrinths Solovetsky Islands vari kumusha 500 marudzi zvinomera. Pakati dzinongoitika-miganhu zvivako Island ine nzvimbo ine pangozi uye kashoma mhando zvinomera. kudzidza, kuchengetedza uye enhancement pakati masayendisiti dzinobatanidzwa. Pavakasvika pachitsuwa, unofanira kutarisira veko kasvisto, Chokwadi zvakabvaruka kujairika ruva kunogona kuva isingawanzowanikwi rudzi. Vanoda kudzivirirwa anotevera kasvisto: Rhodiola rosea, Daphne munhuwo, Platanthera bifolia, Orchis makwapa, Dryopteris munhurume, yakafara-leaved phaleopsis, Siberian nemipaini, girchovnik rwokumusoro, lauzeleuriya recumbent, netsanga nezvimwe gungwa peArctic.

Coastal mvura yeGungwa White - mumwe vakapfuma uye kupfuura zvibereko Algoflora dziva nharaunda (apo pane 160 mhando benthic algae).

fauna of

The Fauna of chitsuwa nemhaka zvokudya pamusoro Solovki rezvitsuwa uye kuchamhembe nzvimbo haana kumbosiyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru mhuka. Vaviri kwemarudzi dzavo akazviratidza kuonga murume pano. poro ichi, vakauya kuna chitsuwa chiri XVI remakore, uye muskrat, yakabuda muno 1920s.

Dzakapfuma kwenhamba mhando avifauna zvitsuwa. Shiri musi Solovki akanyorwa makore anenge 200 marudzi. Pakati pavo pane "Red Book": Gondo chena-tailed, nekondo, zvakajairika shelduck, munhu akafa magumo. Of chaizvo kufarira imwe pakukura dzaitongwa Europe kwakaita arctic Tern uye Russia guru muhutongi gulls broody. Siyana mukuru kwemarudzi dzinounzwa Solovetsky Island.

Of zvomumvura mhuka dziri mumhenderekedzo yegungwa mvura nevakawanda iwo chisimbiso, beluga shato huru, Bearded nembira seal. Pamhenderekedzo chitsuwa Anzer kuibvisa vakachengeta vakawanda pinnipeds uye kumadokero chikamu Big Solovetsky Island wakanyatsokodzera boka chena hove huru anosvika anoverengeka zana vanhu.

ecotourism

Rezvitsuwa iri kufarira zvikuru vanhu vanoda hunhu. Kwete Pakushanyira yakakurumbira yemamongi revashanyi chete vauye Solovetsky Islands. Nature zvinokwezva uyewo akafanira kuteerera. Zvinoshamisawo nharaunda siyana vanobvumira mune tsindirana nharaunda vachidzungaira kuburikidza kudondo, vanonakidzwa kunaka manyoro Mafuro uye nyanza, vachengete mhuka.

bays Anowanikwa yezvitsuwa iyi. Beautiful, pamwe zvitsuwa zviduku zvakawanda Long Bay ibhuku rakasiyana muviri mvura, iyo iri inogarwa relict Arctic siyana invertebrates, rinomiririra husingakuvadzi Akanyatsovharwa mararamiro. Beautiful Trinity Bay, vanenge hafu dissecans Anzersky chitsuwa.

Yezvakaita Solovetsky rezvitsuwa ane hunoshamisa yezvisikwa ukoshi, nokuti kunoratidza dzinokosha post-glacial nguva ari Geological munhoroondo North, nhoroondo nekuita yevanhu kunosanganisira hunoshamisa nharaunda uye ari dzinogarisana kuti chisingawanzowaniki eshiri uye guru shiri dzaitongwa. Vanhu kuda mai hunhu, izvozvo inokurudzirwa zvikuru kushanyira Solovetsky Islands.

How kusvika Solovki chando

vatungamirire nzira kunobva vagaries ose okunze uye mwaka. In yechando, sangano ishoma chaizvo, pane dzose nzvimbo pachitsuwa chete nendege achibva Arkhangelsk:

• ndege vendege "Air Nord" (AN-24) achibhururuka kubva «Talagi» Airport musi Chipiri uye misi yeSvondo. ndege nguva - maminitsi 45.
• Kubva yendege "Vaskovo" Chishanu unoshanda voos kambani "2nd AOAO" (L-410).

How kuti kuchitsuwa muzhizha

With ekunze nhamba zvaungasarudza nani kushanyira Solovetsky Islands inowedzerawo yekudyidzana. How kusvika rezvitsuwa mupfumvudza uye kwematsutso kunyatsoongorora. Kuwedzera voos Arkhangelsk, akazaruka uye migwagwa zviri yakarwiwa panzvimbo inonzi Karelia panguva ino.

Kubva kumatunhu kuenda Arkhangelsk ndakarumbidzwa nendege kana chitima. For motokari Migwagwa yomunharaunda achava kwakaoma. Sezvo ari chando, kuti Solovki, unogona kuwana mhepo. Vols «Talagi» Airport (NordAvia) kuitwa musi Chipiri, Migovera uye misi yeSvondo. From "Vaskovo" (2nd AOAO) - yoMuvhuro, Chitatu, neChishanu uye Migovera.

The kupfuura rudo nzira - ndiko kuti magwa pamusoro Solovetsky Islands iri Karelian taundi Belomorsk naKemueri. Munzvimbo Moscow uye St. Petersburg muguta ingasvikwa nechitima Murmansk. Kubva chengarava Rabocheostrovsk (naKemueri) zuva nechikepe ngarava Solovki "Blizzard" uye "Vasiliy Kosyakov". chikepe "nesafiri" anobva Belomorsk. Zvitsuwa uyewo Dzinogara "rwizi nemuchovha" - magwa kuti auye vafambi uye munhu vashanyi. Ndege uye zvikepe tora vakatakurwa kuchitsuwa chikuru - Solovetsky.