Temberi Hindu kuIndia: mapurani, Photo

Culture uye mavakirwo India akaumbwa zviuru zvemakore zvakawanda inobva dzinoverengeka pevairwara tsika (anopfuura 200), uye zvakasiyana-siyana siyana. temberi Hindu ane nhoroondo anopfuura zviuru zvina makore asi vachiri kuvakwa kwayo pasi nzira mamwe canons mapurani, kubvira kare.

temberi yekare

Munguva yekare Indian mapurani hurongwa akavaka zvose echitendero uye enyika. Zvinowanzoshandiswa pakuvaka yematanda neyevhu, nekuti havana kurarama kusvikira nguva yedu. Stone akatanga kuvaka chete muzana remakore rokutanga AD. Paivakwa zvose zvakasimba zvaitwa maererano Hindu zvainobatsira magwaro. Kuti tipindure mubvunzo: sei mapurani siyana temberi Hindu yave vakashanduka pamusoro zvemakore uye ndasvitsa muchimiro iyo unobuda nhasi, zvinokosha kunzwisisa mhando kereke.

Mavakirwo temberi Hindu ane mhando mbiri:

1. Draviliysky Style (Dravida), nhengo iri mukuru piramidhi serin'i shongwe, yakashongedzwa zvakavezwa mbiru nemifananidzo madzimambo, vanamwari, varwi (manyorero kumaodzanyemba kweIndia). Pyramid Tiers vari anowanzoitwa akaderedzwa mu dhayamita kumusoro, uye nzvimbo (shikhara) riri pamusoro. Zvavovo akadaro kudzika kureba. Izvi zvinosanganisira Temple Catarman uye Baijnath.
2. Nagara Style (chakajairika kuchamhembe dzenyika) - pamwe shongwe muchimiro mikoko (shikhara), rinoumbwa anoverengeka akaturikidzana ose mapurani okunze, pakupera rakatarira akafanana "dhiramu". Wokugadzira yakatanga kune 5th remakore N .E. At mumwoyo urongwa temberi - sikweya, asi decoration zvinhu mukati kamura nzvimbo uye kupa pfungwa roundness. Muchikamu akazotevera chikamu nechepakati zvivako (Mandapam) akapoteredzwa mutemberi diki, uye rose marongerwo anova nemaziso chitubu.

Panewo imwe Style Visara, izvo rinobatanidza zvimwe zvinhu izvi zvitaera maviri.

The guru mutsauko kwemarudzi izvi machechi - kukura pamasuwo mumatemberi hwokuchamhembe vakanga dzakagadzirwa vashomashoma kukura, uye kumaodzanyemba akavaka hombe yakanaka wakashongedzwa gedhi (Gopuram), akazarura mukova muchivanze chetemberi Indian. Kazhinji, magedhi aya yakashongedzwa zvivezwa uye dzakapendwa.

How kuvaka ezvivako yekare

temberi Hindu kuIndia rakavakwa zvenyama kuti anosarudzwa zvichienderana chivakwa mikana vemo. Somuenzaniso, temberi nguva Hoysalas 12-13 emakore - nenzvimbo dzokunamatira zhinji uye decoration zvinhu - dzakavakwa pamusoro epurasitiki soapstone. Nokuda plasticity ari ibwe kubva vavezi vemabwe yekare vaiva mikana zvikuru kusika hunoshamisa zvemaoresa temberi.

Asiwo, Mamalapurama nharaunda apo temberi yakavakwa girenayiti, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti munhu akanaka boora madziro hukawanika. Temberi yakavakwa nezvidhinha, vari kuzivikanwa kwayo manyorero.

temberi Hindu agamuchirwa uye akavaka sezvo imba yaMwari, zvose kukura uye reliefs vagara kuitwa maererano canons. Kunyanya dzinonakidza ndiyo nzira iyo mapurani chimiro temberi Hindu bereka dzinokosha nesayenzi Vastu Shastra, mapurani sayenzi pamasikiro uye kuvaka kereke. Misimboti sayenzi iyi akakurukura kunozivikanwa mapurani Vishvakarman, iyo yava kunzi naMwari mhizha.

Dzakasiyana-siyana mutemberi yekare

Temberi kupfuura yekare mavakirwo inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikwata zvitatu:

1. Single-storey duku muchimiro denderedzwa kana sikweya, pasina superstructure.
2. Zvavovo kufanana mumapako, kazhinji vasina storey chivako chine woita apse.
3. Akareba zvivako (6-12 mapuriro) yakavakwa chimiro chenyika gomo, wakashongedzwa superstructure-Shikhar.

induiststkogo urongwa tembere iri kazhinji dzaitaurwa muchimiro mandala (geometric Madhayagiramu nezvezvipingamupinyi, asi yokuvanda nezvaanogona). Movement mutendi mutemberi kutungamirirwa kubva kunze kusvikira mukati, kuti pakati. Uye mutendi anoenda kwete zvakananga asi yokupoterera nzira, kuburikidza "mamwe masuo, ndima," uye nenzira ine kurasa zvose basa, kusvika nheyo ariko.

The womukati marongerwo temberi

temberi Hindu, kudanana kubva 6 remakore BC. e., rine zano kufukidza zvinotevera seakafuridzirwa, inodzora ose mukati uye chitendero netsika.

The centerpiece aritari mutemberi ndohwaJehovha temberi (garbha graha), pamusoro izvo shongwe (shikhara) yakavakwa. Next kuaritari iri musangano kamuri, vakatevera - Anti-nzvimbo uye pasuo pabiravira.

Chinokosha kereke - tsvene Garbhagriha rinomirira sikweya, wokupinda anomirirwa ndima yakamanikana uye pasi kuroorwa, madhoo uye mahwindo mumba vasina (uye rima kwazvo). Pakati vanoratidzwa huMwari. Around iri raundi kosi hwaakange vakatendeka kuita parikrama.

Ndima rinobatanidza tsvene muhoro huru (Mukhamandapa). Uyewo pane rakamanikana ndima Antarala (manhole). Mandapa kushandiswa mhemberero yechitendero, nokuti nzvimbo yakavakwa dzimwe nguva chaizvo guru, kuisa vose vakatendeka.

Vasati vapinda mutemberi dzinowanzoona mhuka (pamwe zvivezwa kana mufananidzo mureza) icho temberi yakatsaurirwa. Izvi zvinogona kuva nzombe (Shiva Temple), shumba (Mother Goddess Temple), mumwe murume ane musoro reshiri (mu temberi Vishnu). Temple, kazhinji takapoteredzwa rusvingo pasi. Inside the fenzi anogona kuiswa rutumba vanamwari.

Religion ChiHindu

ChiHindu - zvikuru yekare National chitendero, kubatanidza tsika uye zvikoro ouzivi India. Maererano chitendero ichi, nyika (samsara) ndiro dzakatevedzana rebirths, zvinosanganisira zvavo uye zuva nezuva, uye mberi ndicho chokwadi, iyo iri kutongwa Dzinofanira.

Munhu ari ChiHindu sezvo anoedza kuputsa kubva munyika uye vanobatana pamwe Wamazvirokwazvo, uye nzira chete kuzadzisa ichi - kuzvinyima uye kunakidzwa. Karma - nayo anoita yapfuura degeneration (zvakanaka nezvakaipa), uye weboka kupinda vemapoka riri ukama imwe karma.

Vazhinji vanamwari Hindu zvishoma nezvishoma akazvitorera huru nzvimbo nhatu zvihombe:

• mwari Brahma, akasika uye anotonga nyika;
• mwari Vishnu, anobatsira vanhu vane njodzi siyana;
• mwari zvinotyisa Shiva, vezvenhau rokusika uye kuparadza yepasi pose simba.

Netemberi, zvakavezwa nomumapako

temberi Hindu akaveza zvachose dzinongoitika matombo - muenzaniso kunaka uye siyana romubati uye mapurani nzira. Art zvakavezwa akitekicha akasimuka maererano Geological zvechadenga mamiriro enzvimbo. Chakajeka mumiririri monolith ndiye Kailasa temberi temberi temberi Ellora, riri chakatsaurirwa kuna Shiva. zvikamu zvose chechi Warigirwa mu pakukora matombo makore mashomanana. Anofungidzirwa temberi kuvesa muitiro akanga akatakurwa kubva kumusoro kusvikira pasi.

Temberi yemamongi riri pedo 34 anonzi Ellora Caves, kureba zvivako izvi pamusoro 2 km. All dzemamongi netemberi akavezwa kupinda basalt dombo. Temple ari mumiririri akakurumbira Dravidian manyorerwo. The kukura chivako wakavezwa ibwe zvivezwa kuti vashongedze tembere muenzaniso mukuru umhizha pakati vavezi vemabwe yekare navapfuri vesimbi.

Inside temberi pane muchivanze panhivi idzo 3-storey Arcade nembiru. On the arcades mifananidzo sculptural Panel makuru vanamwari dzechiHindu. Kare, paivawo ibwe mabhiriji unobatanidza maberere pakati nepakati, asi achifuridzirwa regiravhiti vakawira.

Inside temberi pane dzimba mbiri: nzombe Nandi tembere Mandapa uye temberi mikuru Shiva (vaviri 7 mamita kureba), rezasi chikamu uko yakashongedzwa nemabwe mifananidzo, uye nechepasi ndivo nzou, vachitsigirwa zvose maumbirwo pachayo.

Stone zvivezwa uye Bhanabhasi-reliefs

Basa sculptural kushongedzwa temberi Hindu (unoratidza nyika mhuka uye sevamwe upenyu vanhuwo zvavo, mifananidzo vane rengano ngano, zviratidzo zvechitendero uye vanamwari) ari achiyeuchidza Fafitera uye vakatendeka pamusoro chinangwa chechokwadi choupenyu uye kuvapo.

External temberi Decor kunoratidza ukama dzaro kunze nyika uye yomukati kunongedzera chokuita nenyika naMwari. Kana kutarira mifananidzo zvinhu kubva kumusoro kusvika pasi, zvinonzi verenga rive raMwari zvakavanakira vanhu, uye nenzira kubva muzasi kumusoro - yaikwira yomunhu mweya ari naMwari dzokumusoro.

Vose sculptural kushongedzwa vane tsika uye chitendero kubudirira chinokosha uye nhaka India yekare.

temberi echiBuddha

ChiBhudha rokupedzisira chemakore yapararira pasi pose, asi akatanga sangano rechitendero riri India. temberi echiBuddha Makavakwa nenzira yakadai kuziva chete "pfuma nhatu" (the Buddha, dzidziso dzake uye wechiBuddha munharaunda).

tembere wechiBuddha - building, nzvimbo outorwa uye dzinogarisana mamongi, iyo waidzivirira zvachose Kufurirwa nevamwe (ruzha, hunonhuwirira, zvisakamboonekwa etc.). All ndima rinofukidzwa zvachose pamusoro nemasvingo simba uye masuo.

The chinokosha temberi - "Golden Hall" (Condo), kana pane chifananidzo Buddha mufananidzo. Panewo pagodi, inoti dzasara muviri Buddha zvepasi pano, kazhinji zvinosanganisira 3-5 storeys neshongwe huru pakati (nokuti mapfupa pasi kana pamusoro). Akakura zvivako muBhudha netemberi vari akashongedzwa yakawanda Maberere, mbiru reliefs - vose vakazvitsaurira kuna Buddha.

Most popular netemberi echiBuddha kuIndia yaiva Maharashtra:

• Ajanta (bako dzakaoma kuti dzemamongi).
• Ellora apo adjoin pedyo muBuddha, temberi dzechiHindu (remapako 34: 17 - Hindu, 12 - echiBuddha).
• Mahabodhi (apo ngano kuchinja kwakaitika muna Buddha Gautam Siddhartha) uye vamwe.

Most popular kuIndia vane muBhudha stupa - kuvaka, ndiyo shongwe zvimwe iconic chiitiko chiBuddha, umo dzasara vakakurumbira vanhu vakaramba. Maererano nengano stupas vari munyika kuwirirana uye kubudirira, simba iri muchadenga.

Kudeuka temberi Hindu mu India

It Akshardham Temple muna Delhi chinhu chisinganzwisisiki guru, yakatsaurirwa kuna wechiHindu tsika uye zvokunamata. chechi iyi ano yakavakwa Pink ibwe muna 2005, maererano canons vekare. Pakurigadzira zvaisanganisira 7,000 nyanzvi dzokugadzira uye mhizha.

Temberi korona domes mapfumbamwe (akareba 42 m), zvinonzi yakashongedzwa mbiru (zvachose 234), izvo Unoratidza nhamba kubva Hindu mungano, uye 148 nzou kubva ibwe wakaiswa pamusoro mukomberedzo, uyewo nedzimwe mhuka, shiri uye nenhamba yevanhu. rakakura saizi yayo akabvumira dzairitaura muna Guinness Book of Records.