The chikuru kushanda musimboti

Kana kufunga mamiriro, mashandiro sero, zvikuru pfungwa unobhadharwa kune masangano kuti vanobatanidzwa pakuchengetedza uye kupararira magene mashoko. kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu dzinoitawo yokudzora basa ivavo kana zvimwe zvivako.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kukosha musimboti sezvo nzvimbo yokuchengetera nhaka zvinhu, uyewo yaro basa guru panoongororwa phenotypic miitiro dzave kuzivikanwa kwenguva refu. Imwe Kekutanga ichi vakaratidza Hammerling (German zvipenyu).

Mashandiro muchitokisi musimboti vari kuderedzwa kunyanya kuitira upenyu. zvivako izvi vane kugara ovoid kana idenderedzwa chimiro. Kureba rokutanga - sezvakarayirwa 20 microns, uye dhayamita rechipiri - vanenge 10 microns.

Musimboti mabasa vakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri mukuru. Wokutanga ine mabasa chokuita kuchengetera masero mashoko. Boka rechipiri re tsanga mabasa chokuita Implementation pamusoro date ichi, pamwe Software mapuroteni usage.

Boka rokutanga rinosanganisira kwemasayendisiti kuitira kuchengetedzwa kuvabereki ruzivo, izvo inomiririrwa DNA mamiriro kuchinja. Izvi Musimboti mabasa zvinokonzerwa kuvapo "kugadzirisa makemikari." Kubvisa pakarepo kukuvadzwa mune morekuru reDNA. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, nyika DNA molecules zvabatwa substantially kuchinja.

Core mabasa aya chokuita dzinotsanagura kuberekana, kana kubereka. Somugumisiro, kuumbwa zirokwazvo kufanana (zvose quantitative uye Qualitative nemashoko) zvemaBhaibheri chenhaka Data. The cores vakatakura kuchinja nhaka zvinhu uye recombination. Izvi kuchengetwa nedanho meiosis. Uyezve nuclei dzinoshanda riparadzirwe DNA molecules panguva muchitokisi nokupesana.

Boka rechipiri rinosanganisira kwemasayendisiti nechokuita zvakananga paumbwe puroteni usage midziyo. In eukaryotic nuclei vari kuumbwa ribosomal "subunits". Izvi zvinoitwa interconnecting iri ribosomal RNA synthesized muna nucleolus, uye ribosomal mapuroteni synthesized ari cytoplasm.

Saka, chinoumba harisi chete dzigare mairi yokugara mashoko, asi nzvimbo kubereka rinoitwa ichi ruzivo uye kwayo kushanda. Panyaya iyi, rusvingo kana kukundikana chero mashandiro dziri kumusoro anokanganisa masero.

Somuenzaniso, kutyorwa rokugadzirisa pezvakaitwa kungamutsawo kuchinja zvikuru maumbirwo DNA, iyo yaibva kunotungamirira kune nokuchinja mapuroteni zvivako. Izviwo, achaita sei zvariri basa puroteni, izvo zvinogona kuchinjwa kuitira kuti zvichaita vasingakwanisi kupa inokosha sero mashandiro. Izvi zvinoita kuti (masero) rufu.

Kuvhiringidzika muitiro DNA reduplication chemabhazi kubereka masero kana kukonzera nechitarisiko sero ane kutaridza chakaremara mashoko kuvabereki, riri nezvakwakaipira kwazvo zvinonyatsorehwa marongerwo.

To kukonzera Sero rufu uyewo kuvhiringidzika kuparadzirwa dzinotsanagura nhaka zvinhu panguva nokupesana. Kurasikirwa nokuda Nokurasikirwa ari chinoumba kana somugumisiro nenyonganiso chero pamutemo RNA usage pezvakaitwa (chero chimiro) vachangoerekana kumisa mapuroteni usage kana kuti zvakakomba zvikanganiso mariri.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti shoko rokuti "chinoumba" yakatanga kushandiswa 1833 ne Brown. Saka akasarudza idenderedzwa zvechigarire hurongwa mu chirimwa mumasero. Naizvozvo, ichi izwi vakatanga kushandisa kudzidza dzakakwirira zvipenyu.

Kazhinji, imwe makirisito muchitokisi (pane masero multinucleated) ina goko iyo anotsaura kubva cytoplasm uye nucleolus, chromatin karyoplasm (muto zvenyukireya). All yenhengo aya anowanikwa munenge munyika dzose eukaryotic panoparadzana zvivako.