Membranes - chii ichi? Biological membranes: marongerwo uye mashandiro

Nature akasika zvipenyu zvakawanda uye masero, asi pasinei neizvi, vakawanda marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita zvoutachiona membranes ndiwo chete, kuti anobvumira kuti kufunga Chimiro chavo uye kudzidza zvivako zvavo anokosha pasina kutyira imwe mhando muchitokisi.

Chii chinonzi Kamudzira?

Membranes - rwokudzivirira Kufananidzira, inova chinhu chinokosha chezvinonhuwira masero ose zvipenyu muviri.

Structural uye dzichipfekeka chairema zvose zvipenyu panyika ari muchitokisi. Anokosha zviri inokosha chokuita kwezvakatipoteredza, pamwe pacho exchanges simba uye ruzivo, zvinhu. Nokudaro, muviri simba rinodiwa kuti nokushanda kwenhengo masero, zvinobva kunze uye inopedzwa pamusoro Implementation waro akasiyana-siyana.

Sechivako sechivako nyore chairema mupenyu muviri: asi Kamudzira sero musimboti, organelles, akasiyana-siyana inclusions. Zvinonzi takapoteredzwa Kamudzira, iro riri mukati neerekitironi zvose organelles. It mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi midziyo, endoplasmic reticulum. Nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana ine STRUCTURAL Kamudzira pachavo.

Basa muchitokisi basa

Biological Kamudzira rine basa kuchiguma marongerwo uye mashandiro chepuraimari mhenyu hurongwa. Kamwe muchitokisi takapoteredzwa unodzivirira mumuhara, unogona kodzero kunzi muviri. mumwe muitiro akadai muviri, anonziwo kunze nemhaka membrane. Kana STRUCTURAL pakururama dzaro, ichi zvinotungamirira nokuchinja mune dzichipfekeka mamiriro nhengo rose.

Muchitokisi Kamudzira yayo mabasa

It anotsaura cytoplasm muchitokisi kubva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza kana kubva goko. Sero Kamudzira chendangariro kwakakodzera kuurayiwa zvakananga mashandiro, ari specificity foni-sero contactsGoogle uye zvirwere kuratidzwa inotsigira transmembrane zvemagetsi zvinogona musiyano. It vane receptors vanokwanisa muchinzwisisa kwemakemikari anonongedzera - hormone, neurotransmitters nevamwe pakugadzira kushingaira zvinoriumba. receptors izvi kumuroora nazvo mumwe kugona - kuchinja metabolic basa muchitokisi.

Kamudzira basa:

1. vanoshingaira chokufambisa kuti zvinhu.

2. pusa kutapurirana zvinhu:

2.1. Diffusion nyore.

2.2. Uchatamisa kubudikidza pores.

2.3. Transport kuitwa diffusion uyo akaendesa pamwechete Kamudzira zvokunyama kana achishandisa Kupfuudzwa pamusoro ataure mumiririri samolecular cheni chinja mumiririri.

3. Kutapurirana vasiri electrolytes kuburikidza nyore uye akwanise diffusion.

4. Active senga pamusoro ions.

Sechivako muchitokisi Kamudzira

Zvinoumba muchitokisi Kamudzira - lipids nemapurotini.

Lipids: phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol uye phosphatidylserine, glycolipids. Huwandu lipid ndiyo 40-90%.

Mapuroteni: peripheral, Integrated (glycoproteins), spectrin, actin cytoskeleton.

Huru STRUCTURAL maatomu akafanana - kaviri paiva phospholipid mamorekuru.

Roofing Kamudzira: tsananguro uye typology

Vamwe nhamba. On mundima Russian Federation somunhu Kamudzira denga remba rinoshandiswa kudaro kare. Dzakananga giravhiti of the membrane nemakadhibhokisi zvachose nyoro denga rakanyorwa iri 1.5 chete%. More kwakapararira muRussia uye akapiwa bituminous nemakadhibhokisi yemastic. Asi Western Europe, mugove Kamudzira pamatenga pamusana 87%. Musiyano uri palpable.

Kazhinji, asi Kamudzira sezvo mukuru mashoko pasirin'i reimba rakanakira sandara matenga. Nokuti kuva pamateru guru iri wakanyatsokodzera muduku pamwero.

Production uye rokutengesa ose Kamudzira matenga ari mumhuri pamusika vane zvakanaka kukura muitiro. Sei? Zvikonzero vanopfuura pachena:

• The upenyu basa anenge makore 60. Fungidzira chete kushandiswa garandi nguva, izvo wakasiyiwa mugadziri, kusvikira makore 20.
• Easy kugadzwa. Enzanisa kugadzwa Asphalt nemakadhibhokisi zvinoda 1.5 nguva refu kupfuura kugadzwa Kamudzira bindepinde.
• Muwanire nazvo uye basa rokugadzira.

Roofing Kamudzira ukobvu kungava 0.8-2 mm uye avhareji kurema mumwe mativi mita ndiro 1,3 makirogiramu.

Properties akaturika membranes:

• elasticity;
• simba;
• kuramba UV mwaranzi uye dzimwe nhau murwisi;
• chando;
• moto nemishonga.

The Kamudzira denga ndiko matatu marudzi. Huru kupatsanura Pakanzi - chimiro polymer zvinhu vanoumba nechigadziko jira. Saka, nemakadhibhokisi membranes ndiwo:

• EPDM. Membranes vechigaro boka EPDM, akaita maererano polymerized ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer, kana kupfuura kungoti, chakaita zvokugadzirwa rabha. Advantages: yakakwirira simba, elasticity, mvura nemishonga, kwezvakatipoteredza ushamwari, yakaderera mutengo. Payakaipira: namira Michina remubatanidzwa Matandira nokushandisa chaiyo bhandi, nesimba pasi pakati yeimwe. Makuriro: rinoshandiswa senzira mvura mashoko tanera uriri, mvura manyuko, kuchengetera tsvina, dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa mvura reservoirs, etc ...
• PVC membrane. goko ichi, kugadzirwa sezvo nechepasi zvinhu rinoshandiswa polyvinyl chloride. Advantages: UV nemishonga, moto nemishonga, zvakadzama ruvara siyana Kamudzira machira. Payakaipira: yakaderera kwevari kuramba zvokuvakisa bituminous, anonhuwirira, zvokufembedzwa; inongorira zvinokuvadza; shizha ruvara rinosvava pamwe nguva.
• TPO. Made kubva thermoplastic olefin. Inogona zvakasimbisa uye unreinforced. Wokutanga akashongedzerwa aine pajira riya kuti polyester kana Washington City Offices jira. Advantages: zvakatipoteredza ushamwari, hunogara, mukuru elasticity, kupisa kuzvidzivirira (pa Hwo tembiricha), Matandira welds vazvo. Payakaipira: mubhadharo muboka, kushaya vagadziri mudzimai kumusika.

The Kamudzira iri profiled: unhu, zvinhu uye zvakanakira

Zvakaumba Kamudzira - chiri utsanzi pakuvaka pamusika. Kamudzira kwakadaro kushanda sechinhu mvura zvinhu.

The fuma rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa - polyethylene. Last ane mhando mbiri: mukuru arambe achirema polyethylene (LDPE) uye yakakwirira arambe achirema polyethylene (HDPE).

Technical zvechadenga Kamudzira ose LDPE uye HDPE

chakarurama	JHA	HDPE
Tensile simba (MPa)	13	23
Tensile elongation (%)	400	100
Density (makirogiramu / bv. M)	917-930	948-952
Compressive simba (MPa)	12	20-36
Impact simba (notched) (KJ / ba. M)	-	2-50
Flexural Modulus (MPa)	140-250	600-850
Pokuoma (MPa)	14-25	45-59
Uchishandisa tembiricha (? C)	-60 kuti +80	-60 kuti +80
zvazvingava Daily pamusoro Absorção de Água (%)	0.01	0.01

The kuumbwa diaphragm mukuru kumanikidzwa polyethylene ane chaizvo pamusoro - mhango mapundu. Kukwirira zvivako izvi dzinosiyana 7 kusvika 20 mm. Yomukati pose Kamudzira yakati sandara. Izvi zvinoita husina vachikotama rokuvaka zvokunyama.

Changing chimiro wacho zvikamu Kamudzira zvinokwanisika nokuti kumanikidzwa pamusoro munharaunda yayo yose iri zvakaenzana kuparadzirwa nokuda pamberi chete pamaberere. Geomembrane inogona kushandiswa kufefetedza zindoga. Kana ichi inopiwa akasununguka kupanana kupisa mukati meimba.

Zvakanakira profiled membranes:

• zvakawedzera simba;
• chafariz utsigo;
• makemikari kugadzikana uye utachiona zvinokonzerwa;
• upenyu hurefu (Makore 50);
• Nyore kuisa uye kuramba;
• hunonzwisisa mutengo.

Kuchinjwa membranes vari vatatu mhando:

• rimwe chete paiva jira;
• maviri-Dzinogara dandemutande = + abudise geotextile Kamudzira;
• ane-rukoko matatu dandemutande dzinotsvedza pamusoro = + + abudise geotextile membrane.

Monolayer zvakaumbwa Kamudzira rinoshandiswa kudzivirira chikuru isapinda, ungano uye disassembly rokugadzirira kongiri masvingo nounyoro. A maviri-rukoko unodzivirira midziyo yaishandiswa panguva iri pedyo-rusvingo abudise. Rinoumbwa matatu akaturikidzana kureva pasi, iyo amenable kuti chando nyandu, kuti ivhu, iri pakadzika.

Nzvimbo kushandiswa abudise membranes

Profiled Kamudzira anowana kushandisirwa muzvinhu zvinotevera:

1. Mukuru bhesimendi mvura. Inopa yakavimbika kudzivirira unokuvadza kwechirwere pasi, chirimwa mudzi hurongwa, subsidence, kuzotadzira zvokuimba mhando.
2. Wall abudise hwaro. Neutralizes matambudziko pasi, kunayisa kuburikidza ferrying navo abudise hurongwa.
3. Horizontal abudise Dam mhando - kudzivirira deformation nokuda STRUCTURAL zvinhu.
4. Analog gadzirira kongiri. Kushanda panyaya yokuvaka mabasa ari erection zvivako munzvimbo yakaderera pasi, vaya zviitiko apo munhu chinjikira mvura kudzivirira rirambe richibvira unyoro. Also profiled Kamudzira basa rinosanganisira nontransmission simende grout muvhu.
5. Kufefetedza rusvingo hukawanika soro mwando. Rinogona iiswe zvose mukati uye kunze musha. Muchiitiko chokutanga, mhepo riparadzirwe iri kusashanda, apo yechipiri inopa optimum mwando tembiricha.
6. Used inversion nemakadhibhokisi.

Superdiffuzionnaya Kamudzira

Superdiffuzionnaya Kamudzira acho ari chizvarwa chitsva, vane chikuru chinangwa - kudzivirirwa zvinhu pedenga nemamiriro mhepo mananara, mvura, chiutsi.

Gadzira rokudzivirira zvinhu inobva kushandisa dzisiri dzakarukwa nezvinhu, gobvu yepamusoro fibers. Mudzimai pamusika dzakakurumbira rukoko matatu mana-rukoko membrane. Reviews nyanzvi uye vatengi zvinoratidza kuti vazhinji akaturikidzana ndiyo hwaro magadzirirwo, zvikuru ayo unodzivirira basa, uye nokudaro rokumusoro simba kunyatsoshanda kuti kwakavakirwa rose.

Zvichienderana mhando denga, magadzirirwo ayo features, okunze, vagadziri vanokurudzira kupa kupfuura mumwe kana imwe nzira kuti diffusion membranes. Saka, havana kutsivana akadzika matenga kunzwisisa uye iri nyore zvakagadzirwa kuti akadzika pamatenga kutaipa pamwe risingamboshandisi kutsauka, kuti rebated kavha matenga uye zvichingodaro. D.

Superdiffuzionnaya Kamudzira vakaisa zvakananga pamusoro insulating paiva flooring mapuranga. Raida kufefetedza gwanza ikoko. Material wanamatira chikomboredzo kana simbi nezvipikiri. Micheto of diffusion machira zvabatanidzwa hunowedzera tepi. Installation basa rinofanira kuitwa kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa: iri chena chando mangwanani, pamwe simba gusts mhepo, etc ...

Uyezve, nyaya unhani inogona kushandiswa kwenguva pfupi denga chifukidzo.

PVC Kamudzira: mamiriro uye chinangwa

TFC membranes - a mashoko padenga, yakagadzirwa polyvinyl chloride uye kuva kwakavharwa nenyama zvivako. Izvi ano denga remba zvachose yakatsiva Asphalt chinotenderera analogs kuva chinokosha drawback - kudiwa dzose yokuzvigadzirisa uye kugadziriswa. Pari, hunhu PVC membranes kubvumira kushandisa kwavo panguva rokugadziridza basa zvekare matenga sandarara mhando. Ivo anoshandiswa uye kugadzwa pamatenga edzimba matsva.

Padenga zvinhu zvakadai zviri nyore kuti ishande, uye ayo kugadzwa zvinogoneka marudzi ose hukawanika, panguva dzose uye munzvimbo okunze zvose. PVC Kamudzira ane zvinotevera ehupfumi:

• simba;
• Kugadzikana kana pachena kuti UV mwaranzi,-siyana kwemvura, uye pamusoro pfungwa loading.

Zviri nemhaka yokukosha ehupfumi pamusoro PVC Kamudzira achashumira iwe nokutendeka kwemakore akawanda. Term kushandisa denga akadaro akaenzana upenyu chivakwa, apo rwakapetwa kuzvinhu zvokuvakisa zvinoda kugara kuvariritira uye, mune zvimwe zviitiko zvachose muna dismantling uye kugadzwa uriri matsva.

A Kamudzira pakati PVC Matandira chokuita ne Welding inopisa vanogomera, tembiricha iri kuwanda 400-600 Celsius. Nezvenyaya iyi zirokwazvo airtight.

Zvakanakira PVC membranes

Kukudzwa kwavo pachena:

• Usazviomesera nemakadhibhokisi maitiro kuti zvakanakisisa rinoenderana chokuvaka;
• yakasimba, leakproof ehupfumi kuva unobva musono pakati Kamudzira micheka;
• Perfect portability Climate Change, okunze, tembiricha, mwando;
• yakawedzera mvura mhute permeability kuti hwezvekukurukurirana ari kwemvura ine mwando vaunganidza pedenga nzvimbo;
• dzakasiyana range;
• moto nemishonga ehupfumi;
• kukwanisa kuramba yakareba pakutanga zvivako uye chitarisiko;
• PVC Kamudzira - zvachose chisingakuvadzi zvinhu, izvo kunosimbiswazve nemashoko runoenzanirana certificate;
• kugadzwa kwacho kuri michini, saka musatora nguva yakawanda;
• mitemo kushanda kubvumira kugadzwa siyana mapurani kuwedzererwa zvakananga pamusoro Kamudzira PVC denga;
• chete-rukoko kuisira kuponesa mari yako;
• muwanire nazvo uye kugadziriswa.

Kamudzira tishu

Textile Kamudzira jira kare chakazozikamwa. Ane zvinhu akaita shangu uye zvipfeko; vakuru nevana. The Kamudzira - the Kamudzira rutsigiro jira inopiwa muchimiro nhete polymeric firimu uye kuva maitiro akadai mvura nemishonga uye mhute permeability. Nokuti pagadzirwe iyi firimu zvinenge zvakazara wokunze uye yomukati anodzivirira akaturikidzana. nechivako yavo anosarudza kuti Kamudzira pachayo. Izvi zvinoitwa kuti achengetedze zvose zvinobatsira ehupfumi kunyange kana kukuvara. Nemamwe mashoko, Kamudzira riri isapinda zvipfeko kana kutarisana kunayisa muchimiro mvura kana chando, asi panguva imwe chete inopfuura zvakakwana mhute kubva muviri kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. bandwidth Izvi zvinoita ganda kufema.

Tichitarisa zvose pamusoro apa, tinogona kugumisa kuti chinokosha chinoitwa hembe akafanana yakanaka chando. A Kamudzira, riri pangoro rejira, pangava:

• pamwe pores;
• pasina pores;
• vasanganiswa.

Sezvo chikamu Kamudzira ane muzvizhinji pakati micropores, uwandu Teflon. Kukura pores izvi regai kusvika kukura kunyange Donhwe remvura, asi vakawanda mvura mamorekuru, zvichiratidza kuti mvura kurwisa uye kukwanisa kubvisa ziya.

Membranes kuti zvave, sezvinoita mutemo, wakaumbwa polyurethane. yomukati rukoko yavo inonyanya kuparadzana potozhirovye muviri kwose kwevanhu uye achisunda navo outwards.

The nemamiriro Kamudzira unobatanidzwa anotora kuvapo maviri akaturikidzana: a porous kumeso. jira kwakadaro ane yepamusoro unhu uye kuchapedza kwemakore akawanda.

Nokuda kuti zvakanakira izvi mbatya neshangu yaigadzirwa Kamudzira machira uye zvakagadzirirwa kupfeka munguva yechando nguva yegore, akasimba, asi lightweight, kudzivirirwa kwazvo pamusoro chando, mwando, uye guruva. Vane dzetsika dzemagariro siyana mhando vanoshingaira chando kutandara, kukwira makomo.