The Karakum gwenga (Turkmenistan): tsananguro, features, okunze uye zvinonakidza zvinhu

gwenga Sandy pakati Karakum (Turkmenistan) ndiro pakukura Central Asia uye rimwe remasangano ari pasi. Ndima yayo yakakura. Izvi ¾ nzvimbo yose Turkmenistan. Uripiko Karakum murenje? Rinotaura munharaunda iri pakati mezvikomo pakati Karabil Vanhyza uye Kopetdag kumaodzanyemba, uyewo Khorezm mumupata kuchamhembe kwenyika yacho. Kumabvazuva nayo muganhu pamusoro munharaunda womupata Amu DARYA, uye kumadokero - pamwe pamubhedha Uzboi.

jogirafi

Karakum - gwenga Asia, ndichinanavira vangasvika 800? Km pamusoro kufanana? Km mumahombekombe Meridian 450. The zvachose nzvimbo jecha Wave mativi makiromita anopfuura mazana matatu namakumi mashanu. Kwazvo kukura nyika vakaita Italy uye muUK. Zvinofadza kuti akafananidza Karakum murenje pamwe dzinongoitika idzodzo zvakafanana. Turkmen Sea Sand iri muna kupfuura mazita. Vaya vanoda kuziva chii mugwenga zvikuru - the Kalahari kana Karakum, ndewe muchiyeuka kuti chaiwo inotungamirwa Africa iri rinenge kaviri sezvo yakakura. nzvimbo yacho 600 akaenzana makiromita.

The Karakum mugwenga iri siyana ari munzvimbo yayo, Geological mamiriro, ivhu uye uswa. Panyaya iyi, masayendisiti akavakamura kuva South-East, neyamapani (Central) uye Zaunguz (North) mapazi. Izvi zvikamu zvitatu murenje kusiyanisa umwe neumwe mavambo, mamiriro ekunze, uye mwero zvoupfumi.

North Karakum

Zaunguz of Turkmen jecha pamhenderekedzo ndiyo kare Geological marongerwo. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti paumbwe Northern Karakums zvakaitika zvinopfuura miriyoni apfuura. Ndicho kupfuura akakwidziridzwa chikamu kundima, chirefu pamusoro pavamwe 40-50 makiromita. Urongwa uhwu anopa chikonzero kudana North Karakum mugwenga rwenze. Zvisinei, izvi kururama nokuti naivowo guru compartmentalization yacho mapazi pamusoro iyo kyry - meridionally elongated jecha anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri, yokusvika kukwirira 80-100 m, pakati zviri akanyudzwa mhango.

Pasi Pevhu kuitika kuchamhembe Kara Kum, kunyanya wakawanda. It Haabvumiri kushandiswa date nzvimbo mafuro zvizere. Mukuwedzera, dzemo okunze zvakawanda kwazvo kupfuura mamwe maviri zvikamu.

Kubva kuchamhembe-rwamavirazuva Karakum Zaunguz muganhu tichishandisa zvakanaka akachengetedzwa yekare rwizi of West Uzbaya. In kumaodzanyemba ichi chete nzvimbo gwenga rwagurwa bandauko, nekukwirira iyo zvichisiyana 60 kusvika 160 metres. Izvi curving cheni Shorov, takyrs uye jecha nembiya kunosvika of Amu DARYA uye West anouya Uzboi. About sei izvi asinganzwisisiki kuderera harizivikanwi kusvikira ikozvino. Maererano mamwe masayendisiti, pamuuyo kukurudzira Zaunguz akaumba nokuda kuunganidza munyu, izvo chinozunguzirwa uye akaparadza yepanyama padombo. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanoti kuti Nzvimbo iyi yekare shoma asara mubhedha of Amu DARYA.

South-Eastern uye Central Karakum

nzvimbo idzi yakaderera, ane kukwira nokukwirira riri zvinobva 50 kusvika 200 m. kupi gwenga Karakums chinofamba kubva mapazi kune mumwe, hakuna kuzivikanwa. Zvechokwadi, muganhu pakati penhindi izvi zvave ndokunge chaizvo. Asi kureva kubudikidza njanji Tendzhen-Chardzhou.

Maererano ayo serakavakwa South-Eastern uye Central Karakum zvakasiyana kubva Northern pamapani pamusoro chacho. Izvi, uye kuvapo munzvimbo idzi vapfumi yegore mafuro uye matsime mazhinji Freshwater akabvumira kumwezve kushandisa kwavo mashoko zvoupfumi. Pokumuka munzvimbo idzi kunoita kuti hwakanyatsorwisa yakareba pasina chando chiri pedyo maguta makuru uye yakakwirira uwandu akanaka tembiricha.

Climate

Chii Karakum? Ndima yakakura iyi umo mune unopinza nokufamba mhepo makore diurnal tembiricha. Kazhinji, okunze murenje ndowenyika Continental. Uyezve, paavhareji January tembiricha iri kuchamhembe iri pana madhigirii kumativi kubvisa vashanu, uye kumaodzanyemba - plus vatatu. Muna July, kuti lämpömittari anomuka na 28 kusvika 34 inegumi. Asi chii unofadza. Nokuda nezuva nokufamba mhepo Karakum Desert ndomumwe Hottest panyika. Izvi imhaka yokuti masikati yakawanda nhengo dzawo lämpömittari achisimuka pamwe makumi mashanu madhigirii uye pamusoro. Kana ivhu, zvino ane kukuru kwepasi. Dzimwe jecha tembiricha rinosvika madhigirii makumi masere.

Winter nokuti Karakum Desert kunoratidzwa kwazvo frosts. Mumwaka iri pedyo jecha pamhenderekedzo lämpömittari anodonhedza pazasi madhigirii matatu.

Kana kwemvura, vane zvishoma chaizvo. Mugore, kuchamhembe murenje nhamba yavo kunosvika 60 neMM, uye kumaodzanyemba - 150 mm. Zvikuru mwaka wemvura iri Karakum Desert ndiyo nguva kubva November kusvika April. Panguva ino Anowira makumi manomwe kubva muzana gore negore kunayisa.

Origin of zita

Translated kubva mutauro Turkmen "Kara-Kum" rinoreva "jecha dema". Asi zita asingadi dzinoenderana chokwadi. The Karakum gwenga jecha dema haadaro. Zita iri rwokuzvarwa inotungamirwa, zvichida nokuti kuti makumi mapfumbamwe nevashanu kubva muzana nharaunda yayo munzira kana mumwe chakafukidzwa nezvinomera, izvo muzhizha anorasikirwa ayo girini ruvara. The yasara shanu muzana murenje - jecha Dunes. zita ravo Turkmen unorira "Ah-wakagara". Kushandurwa zvinoreva "jecha jena".

Pane imwe shanduro kwakabva zita Turkmen murenje. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti shoko "mutema" riri nderwokufananidzira uye zvinoreva kuti nzvimbo isina kujairana upenyu, utsinye munhu.

zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo

Maererano nevanotsvakurudza ruzivo, Karakum gwenga yaigarwa nevanhu kare muchiuru chemakore wechina BC. Misha amarudzi vekare vave zvakawanikwa nemasayendisiti iri oasis pedyo Delta ndisina zviripo Murghab River. Nzvimbo iyi akakwezva vanhu ndima uye gare gare emakore. Kunyange panoperera wechitatu chemakore BC, kana guru nharaunda kubva yeGirisi India akabatwa ne nzara mune oasis iyi rakazogarwazve vagari Northern Siria uye Eastern Anatolia.

Kunyange zvikuru chakawanikwa nemasayendisiti muna 1972, matongo rwendo, akatungamirirwa VI Sarianidi inowanikwa Karakum matongo eguta rekare temberi Gonur Depe, rinoshandurwa kubva Turkmen rinoreva "kuchena chikomo" gwenga. nzvimbo iyi yaiva chikuru kunzwisisa, yakavakwa namabwe, pakati unova zvibayiro mutemberi, moto uye dzimwe nhengo. Pataifamba mukomberedzo rokuvaka zvose hamvuropu makobvu madziro, pamusoro zvakanga mativi shongwe. Muguta iri Vagari vekare vakasvika Margush kunamata moto.

Zvinofanira kuva misha mazana maviri kwakawanikwa pashure kuwanikwa ane matongo rwendo Gonur Sarianidi. Panguva iyoyowo, masayendisiti anoti Margush kare ayo kukosha hakusi muduku Mesopotamia, Egypt, China kana India.

Zvisinei, pakupera mumireniyamu yechipiri BC, vanhu vaifanira kusiya yakaorera oasis kunotsvaka hwenguva runoyerera tsime. Sands ari ipapo nyore yakatsvairwa zvisaririra zviri kamwe simba budiriro, izvo dzimwe nyanzvi dziri kuti vanodavira mutakuri cheZoroastrianism rokutanga.

dzidzo shanduro

The Karakum gwenga yakaumbwa nekaupenyu achangobva. Saka, makore ayo Zaunguz nezverangano anenge mamiriyoni ane makore. Izvi zviri isingasviki makore ari Namib Desert, iyo iripo kwemakore mamiriyoni 55.

chikamu Western of Karakum kunyange vaduku. It yakaumbwa kubva steppes zviuru chete 2-2,5. Makore akapfuura.

Chii Geological Pedigree ane Karakum mugwenga? Nemhaka iyi, pane mbiri hypotheses masayendisiti. On mumwe wavo, akaisa mberi mugodhi injiniya A. M. Konshinym, mugwenga inotungamirwa kwakaitika rekare rwaoma Aral uye reCaspian, inova chikamu prehistoric Tethys Ocean.

Maererano pfungwa yechipiri, izvo maererano nyanzvi dzakawanda, Karakum gwenga nzvimbo yakaumbwa nomunzizi Murghab, Amu nevamwe vazhinji, kuti ivhu, jecha uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa kubva mukuparadzwa matombo wokumaodzanyemba anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri Makomo Kopetdag. Izvi zvakaitika pakutanga Quaternary. Panguva ino, kutonhora Akakurumidza kuchinja nokudziya uye thawed mazizaya vakabatsira kuti rwizi yave nokukurumidza uye wenguva inoyerera. Pfungwa iyi rwukasimbiswa ne kumwe kutsvakurudza Vanodzidza.

Biota

The Wonderful Nyika Karakum apandukira zvinofadza kune vaongorori vari kuramba vachitsvaka kuti vawedzere horizons dzavo. Sand Sea Turkmenistan - ndiyo nzvimbo pfungwa iri zuva-rudo kasvisto chete uye fauna of anogona kurarama pasina yakawanda unyoro.

Karakum Desert akasarudzwa akawanda dhazeni siyana kwemarudzi nezvinokambaira uye vanopfuura chiuru mhando arthropods. Kudekara munzvimbo iyi vanonzwa zvitatu gumi nevaviri eshiri uye mazana maviri namakumi manomwe marudzi zvinomera. Desert, ivo vanoona musha wavo, zvinoreva kuti pane mariri chinhu inoshamisa uye vasingazivikanwi munhu pachake.

uswa

Pazuva jecha nzvimbo Karakum ichikura nemiti zvakasiyana-siyana. Pakati pavo, vatema uye chena Haloxylon, Salsola, Ph.D., uye Astragalus. Found pano uye jecha nomuti. Of uswa pabutiro musango kupfuura inflated petsanga, pane saxaul, saltwort, uye dzimwe ephemeral vomunharaunda.

Munzvimbo dzisinganayi Karakum Plains kukura xerophytic nemiti uye Sub-nemiti. Vakawanda vavo havana mashizha pabutiro kana ivo ozvikanda pamusoro panowanikwa kwemvura.

Midzi miti kukura mugwenga, mapazi uye refu. Vanofanira kwazviri kuti mukuru pakadzika. Somuenzaniso, ngamera munzwa. Midzi yawo vanyura jecha ivhu kuti anopfuura makumi maviri mamita.

Desert miti inoparadzirwa mbeu, izvo kazhinji pubescent kana nevamwe mapapiro. mamiriro ichi hwezvekukurukurirana sangano dzedenga. Vazhinji Karakum murenje miti Ungadzura nyore, kunyange kana anopinda zvinofamba ivhu. Zvikurukuru anokudzwa tugais. mudenhere rayo Uyu chena the willow uye poplar, hofori rekushongedzesa, womutamarisiki nezvimwe mwando-rudo zvinomera, izvo zvinogona kuwanika pamahombekombe Karakum Canal.

mhuka nyika

Vakawanda Karakum Desert uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka. mhuka iyi zvakanaka kujairana kupona mune jecha munzvimbo. Vazhinji vavo vanosarudza kuti usiku, uye vanokwanisa kwenguva refu pasina mvura. Uyezve, mhuka dzinogona kuwanikwa murenje - dzokumhanya zvikuru. Vanogona kufamba madaro marefu nyore.

Pakati vamiririri mhuka dzinogona kuwanikwa Karakum mugwenga mhumhi uye jackal, yemhara Gopher, inowanzorimwa uye Barchan katsi, nembira uye gava-Korsakov. Goroondo World rinotaurwa madzvinyu uye cobras, jecha Boa nyoka uye-museve, Agam uye inowanzorimwa nenjiva. Mudenga pamusoro pegungwa jecha murenje ichibhururuka rarira uye larks, saxaul jays uye shiri uye finches Bulanov.

Of invertebrates munzvimbo iyi pane pezvinyavada phalanx, zvipembenene uye madandaude karakurt. Mune Amu DARYA, kuti Karakum Canal uye reservoirs kune vanopfuura makumi mashanu mhando hove, ramakagadzwa pane herbivorous kabhu uye uswa kabhu.

gwenga katsi

Special ngwariro vanofanira trot pamusoro Karakum murenje. Saka kazhinji akataura Caracal. Kutaura zvazviri, mhuka idzi akafanana tsika dzavo. Zvisinei, vanhuwo zvavo trot asingakwanisi kurarama murenje, uko kusina masango. Nokuti caracal, nzvimbo idzi ndidzo chizvarwa musha. Izvi hazvishamisi. Desert mhuka iri nechepadivi mune chiedza shava ruvara, kuubvumira kuva anenge asingaoneki pakati foothill anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri uye jecha Dunes. Huru zvokudya caracal vari shiri, nemakonzo dzvinyu.

Pakati chii ndiye Karakum Desert, inova nzvimbo remhuka ichi chinoshamisa? It Anofunga kubva Aral Sea kusvika reCaspian. Asi zvinosuwisa, kukura nzvimbo idzi zvakaita kuti zvikuru zvinoderedza uwandu murenje katsi, uye nhasi zviri dzomusango kune chete anenge 300 vanhu.

Repetek chengetedza

Kujairirana nemiti uye Fauna of Karakum murenje, zviri chinodiwa kutange nechepakati chikamu rokumabvazuva mapazi. Zviri pano, ari chinhambwe 70 makiromita kumaodzanyemba kuguta Chardzhou, muna 1928, yakasiyana Repetek kuchengeterwa yakatangwa. Its chikuru basa ndiye kudzivirirwa uye kudzidza zvepanyama kunzwisisa, izvo vakapfuma Karakum murenje.

Repetek Reserve ndokwenguva nharaunda anenge makumi matatu nezvishanu hectares, izvo muchidimbu mukuru chirimwa jecha gungwa Turkmen munharaunda uye ayo siyana nemhuka.

Zvinofadza

Muna Karakum murenje vane namesake. Uyu duku jecha idzodzo - Karakum - iri Kazakhstan. Zvinonzi rakamiswa pakati makungwa maviri - Sassykol uye Balkhash.

The Karakum gwenga kunokwezva vashanyi vakawanda kutsva zvakanaka. Zvinonzi rakamiswa pedyo nomusha Darwaza. Uyu aimbova ubanguranyika matsime rakabhuroka nokuda pedyo pevhu voids.

The Karakum pasi zvikuru. Zvikurukuru zvenyukireya huru vari pedyo Amu DARYA murwizi.

The Karakum gwenga vakachera matsime zviuru makumi maviri. Uyezve, mvura iyo kazhinji zvikaramba nzira yekare, iyo yaishandiswa kufamba mudenderedzwa yengamera.