The matadza guru okisijeni. Ndeipi matadza guru okisijeni?

Maatomu kwezvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana uye yeimwe Morekuru kuratidza kunyora nezvavo guru. Kudzidza quantitative ukama, wakananga nemakemikari, vachishandisa akawanda chaiko zvakawanda. Mumwe wavo - the matadza guru, izvo zvinogona dzaona kuti maatomu, ions uye mamorekuru. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinhu Panyika - okisijeni, pamwe yake kupindura kuitika, siyana dzakawanda uye muitiro. Kuti kuita Masvomhu maererano zvokuimba ose yeimwe vaishandisa kuita equations matadza guru okisijeni, izvo dziwande kuenzana ayo hama uremu ane atomu kana morekuru.

okisijeni

General ruzivo pamusoro okisijeni (mushonga eremendi)

• zita Latin - Oxygenium;
• makemikari chiratidzo - O;
• mumabhatiri yokumusoro mugove 16 boka rokutanga (kare - boka VI A) periodic table;
• It iri rechipiri nguva pakarepo pashure senitrogen pamberi fluorine;
• Rinoreva mhuri chalcogen;
• chaikosha nhamba iri periodic table uye ayo mutariri nuclei kwemaatomu - 8.

Okisijeni mumwe zvinoumba chadenga kwenguva refu aisagona voga yakaisvonaka chimiro. Gas inonzi "upenyu", "mushonga woupenyu." Vanopemberera Huro okisijeni inokamukana pakati nyika-anozivikanwa masayendisiti: K. Scheele, J. Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier .. Shoko rokuti "Kwezvokudya Nemiti" Lavoisier aronga, kwakavakirwa nezvebasa rinokosha fuma, ayo maatomu pakugadzirwa oxides uye acids.

Sei kuwana matadza guru chinhu ichocho kana fuma?

Kana achiita makemikari Masvomhu zvakakodzera kuziva mukanyiwa muzvirongwa Zvinoitwa maatomu uye mamorekuru zviri zvinhu. Asi ivo madiki, izvo zvinoomesa kushandiswa vezvikwata zvakadai, sezvo magiramu uye makirogiramu. Kugadzirisa kwakawanikwa: akapa vamwe tsika kuti zviite Masvomhu. Somuenzaniso, muna kemisitiri tsika dziri hama mabhomba uye samolecular guru. The hama mabhomba guru (Ar) sezvo kwomuviri kwazvo rave kwakamboitwa 1961 gore. Its ukoshi akaenzana 1/12 mukanyiwa ane kabhoni atomu (the isotope ¹² C).

Kuti aite Masvomhu vachishandisa Masvomhu uye equations nokushandiswa ichi nezvimwe tsika vanofanira kuyeuka mitemo shoma:

1. Misa atomu pachinhu periodic ino ine parutivi namakemikari chiratidzo. The matadza uremu ine nhamba kukosha asi pamwe zviumbu g / mol.
2. Weight mumwe nhuta zviri pafuma kunotemwa kubva yokuita mukomboni vari iro vakaverenga matadza vakawanda nezvimedu ose Morekuru.
3. Kana mushonga payakavakirwa chiri indekisi inotaridza nhamba STRUCTURAL dzakabatana, zvakakodzera vawande pamusoro matadza guru coefficient ichi.

Atomic uye samolecular kurema okisijeni

The mabhomba guru reokisijeni inotengwa inobva nhamba nokuparadzirwa vatatu kwayo rwokuzvarwa isotopes: Ar (G) = 15,999 (ari E M ...). Munguva Masvomhu, ukoshi iri kazhinji wakatenderera, inodzora 16. nechimwe chine maatomu akafanana ayo mabhomba uremu - rusingaperi. Kubva anozivikanwa uremu kwemaatomu ari chinhu pamwe mabhomba nhamba 8 anogona kuwanika kuburikidza matadza guru okisijeni maatomu akafanana. M (O) = 16. Chimwe dimensionless chaiko kwazvo - the samolecular kurema okisijeni - zvinoreva munhu nyore fuma. Change mukanyiwa reokisijeni Morekuru, kubudikidza vachiwedzera uremu ane atomu pamusoro stoichiometric coefficient iri nzira: Mr (O ₂₎ = Ar ^(G). 2 = ^16. 2 = 32. In tsika hapana chikonzero kufunga zvinotaurwa matadza rakambotsoropodza okisijeni, nekuti mutengo waro dziwande akaenzana kurema mamorekuru venhumbi asi chairema nokuyerwa g / nhuta. Nokuti imwe remubatanidzwa iri kwayo samolecular kurema iri kugara, rinoshandiswa zvikuru kuverenga uwandu uye guru nefuma.

uwandu yamarudzi

In kemisitiri zvivanakire Masvomhu, rinoshandisa imwe inokosha chaiko zvakawanda - uwandu fuma. Rinoreva kwete uremu, uye nokuwanda STRUCTURAL dzakabatana. The chairema nokuyerwa uwandu fuma iri International System (SI) vakagamuchira 1 mol. Kuziva kuti 1 mol rinosanganisira nezvimedu zvakafanana huri 12 g kabhoni isotope ¹² C zvinogona vakaverenga nhamba kwemaatomu, mamorekuru, ions, maerekitironi zviri bvunzo mugove upi fuma. Imwe waiitwa mazita musayendisiti mukuru Italian Avogadro (runotaurwa N _A), Iye uwandu STRUCTURAL nezvimedu chine fuma yakawanda kana - 1 mol. The kusanganiswa kukosha Avogadro rusingaperi - ^6,02. 10 ²³ 1 / nhuta. Ndicho nhamba kwemaatomu (mamorekuru, ions) ane matadza guru. Pakunzi mumuviri kwazvo - M chikwata - 1 g / mol, nokuti kukarukureta payakavakirwa - M = m / N (m - uremu (g), N - uwandu yamarudzi (nhuta)).

Chii mukanyiwa matadza reokisijeni

Pamaitiro, hapana chikonzero kushandisa nzira M = m / N kuverenga matadza guru okisijeni. Kugadzirisa matambudziko kunodiwa kuziva zvikuru, chii mukanyiwa, kana kuti kuwana nhamba zvinhu. Muchiitiko chokutanga rinoshandiswa kuti kukarukureta payakavakirwa M = ^n. M, rechipiri - n = m / M. The kusanganiswa kukosha matadza uremu akaenzana vakawanda vanzwe atomu, uye nokuda nefuma - Morekuru. Somuenzaniso, mukanyiwa 16 d 1 nhuta reokisijeni maatomu akafanana. M (O ₂₎ - iri matadza guru yakachena Morekuru, izvo zvakaenzana 32 g / nhuta.

The matadza guru okisijeni yakaenzana

Akadana noenderana yakawanda wakaenzana kurema 1 mol pamusoro monovalent maatomu chero maatomu akafanana. Kazhinji, zvakafanana uremu kunogona pakutsvaga kugovera matadza guru kwemaatomu kwemakemikari chinhu panguva valency wayo, akawanikwa ari nzira yacho chaiyo akakura. In dzakawanda ayo okisijeni yeimwe kufanana kwemakemikari-chaikosha chalcogen ndiyo divalent. Matadza guru okisijeni inogona kuwanika periodic table, ayo woita ukoshi - 16. The noenderana kurema pe2 nguva - 8 kemisitiri zvinoshanda mutemo neShanduro, iyo inoti kuti zvinhu zviri sei pamwe chete mari yakaenzana neShanduro dzavo. Kana achiita Masvomhu vanogona kushandisa vakaenzana matadza guru reokisijeni kusarudza vakaenzana kurema fuma icho chiri haizivikanwi.

Okisijeni - chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvinhu panyika nechepasi, nekurangarira kuti 46,6% of vakawanda. A nyore chokuita chete zita - wechipiri Inonyanya kubata pasi muchadenga. Zviri samolecular neoxygen iri mumhepo - 20,947% kubudikidza vhoriyamu. Kubatsira nhengo maatomu uye mamorekuru kuchiitika siyana akawanda uye pezvakaitwa vari unyanzvi, indasitiri, makemikari uye inorganic hunhu. Zvakakosha kufungawo quantitative ukama azvaiitwa, iyo hwezvekukurukurirana zvikuru kushandiswa mumuviri zvakawanda, kusanganisira matadza guru okisijeni.