Mune nhoroondo yeRussia, kune dzakawanda maitiro apo mutorwa anoshanyira anowedzera mukurumbira wake uye anova kudada kwenyika. Saka Theophanes the Greek, chizvarwa cheByzantium yavo, chiGiriki nekuberekwa (saka zita racho) rakava rimwe remakurukota ekuRussia vanyori.
Chisarudzo mukuda Russia
Zvingangodaro, dai Feofan akanga asati asarudza kuchinja hupenyu hwake zvakanyanya, asvika panzvimbo yeItaly muRussia mumutambo (sokufungidzirwa) weMetropolitan Cyprian, angadai akazvirasikirwa pachake pakati pevaByzantine vanyori vakawanda. Asi muMoscow Rus ndiye akanga ari wekutanga galaxy yakaisvonaka yevanyori vemifananidzo. Pasinei nokuzivikanwa kwose kwose, mazuva ekuberekwa uye rufu rwevanyori vanonzi anenge - 1340-1410.
Kusina ruzivo
Inonyatsozivikanwa kuti Theophanes muGreek, uyo ane maitiro ane zvivi nemachena, akaberekerwa muByzantium, akashanda zvose muConstantinople pachake uye mumusha wake - Chalcedon. Maererano nemafrescoes akachengetedzwa muFoodsia (zvino Kafa), zvinogona kuonekwa kuti kwechinguva chimiro chaishanda muGeneo makoloni - Galata neCafe. Hapana rimwe remabasa ake eByzantine rakapona, uye mukurumbira wenyika wakauya kwaari nekuda kwemabasa akaitwa muRussia.
Nzvimbo dzakapoteredza
Pano, kuburikidza nehupenyu hwake nebasa, aikwanisa kuyambuka nevanhu vakawanda vakakura panguva iyoyo - Andrei Rublev, Sergius Radonezhsky, Dmitry Donskoy, Epifanii Wise (tsamba yake kuna Archimandrite Kirill ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yezvinyorwa zvemufananidzo mukuru wemifananidzo) uye Metropolitan Alexei. Iyi nharaunda yevanyengeri uye vanovhenekera vakaita zvakawanda nokuda kwekubwinya kweRussia.
Inonyanya kukosha kweruzivo pamusoro peTheophanes the Greek
Theophanes muGreek akasvika muna Novgorod muna 1370, kureva kuti, murume akakura zvakakwana uye muveki akagadzirwa. Akararama pano makore anodarika makumi matatu, kusvika pakufa kwake. Kushanda nesimba kunoshamisa. Maererano nehupupuriro eEpiphany the Wisdom, Theophanes the Greek painted 40 machechi mune zvose. Tsamba yakanyorerwa archimandrite yeTver Savior-Afanasyevsky Monastery yakanyorwa muna 1415, mushure mokufa kwetenzi, uye kusvikira nhasi hauna kuuya mune zvepakutanga, asi mune urongwa hwehafu yepiri yezana remakore re XVII. Kune mamwe mazvinyorwa zvegore echokwadi uye kuwedzerwa. Mumwe wavo anorondedzera kuti muna 1378, pamusana pemukomana Vasily Danilovich, "chiGiriki" Theophanes akaveza Transfiguration Church paZvikweretswa zveVeliky Novgorod.
Kutanga kweNovgorod nguva
Mafresco eTheophanes the Greek pamadziro eimba yemamongi iyi yakava yekutanga kutaurwa mune zvinyorwa zvinoshanda muRussia. Ivo, kunyange vakachengetedzwa zvishoma, vari mumamiriro ezvinhu akanaka kwazvo, vasvika panguva yedu, uye vari vezvimwe zvinyanya kukosha zvehupenzi hwemazana emakore. Munzvimbo yakanakisisa ndiyo mufananidzo we dome uye masvingo, apo makweya eTroitsky-chapeleri aivapo. Mune mifananidzo ye "Utatu" naMacarius weEgypt, nzira yakanyora yekunyora, iyo nyanzvi yeTheophanes yeGreek yaive nayo, inonyatsooneka. Mu dome rakachengetwa pogrudnoe mufananidzo weMuponesi weWemasimbaose (pantokrator), iyo ndiyo yakawanda kwazvo. Mukuwedzera, chimiro cheMadzimai edu chakachengetedzwa zvishoma. Uye mumutambo (chikamu chinotsigira dome) - mifananidzo yevaporofita Eriya naJohn mubhabhatidzi. Uye izvi zvinonyanya kukosha frescoes, sezvo, nhamo, yakaumbwa kwemakore mashomanana anotevera, basa racho harina kunyorwa uye rinopikiswa nevamwe vatsvakurudzi. Nenzira yakawanda, frescoes yese yemunharaunda ino inourawa nenzira yakasiyana-siyana - nyore nyore uye yakafara, shamhu dzisina ruvara, ruvara rwemuvara rwakadzivirirwa, kunyange rwakakosha, kunyanya kunobhadhara kune vanhu vatsvene. Nenzira yekunyora Theophanes chiGiriki unhu hwake hunozivikanwa.
Iko kukwanisa kweRussia kumutsazve
Ikoko kwakanga kusina kukunda kukuru kwaDmitry Donskoy, kuparadza kweGood Horde kwakapfuurira, maguta eRussia akanga achipisa, machechi akanga achiparadzwa. Asi Russia yakasimba kwazvo, zvokuti yakazvarwa patsva, yakavakwa zvakare, ikazova yakanyanya kunaka. Mune mifananidzo yematemberi akadzorerwa, Feofan muGiriki akatora chikamu, uye kubva muna 1380 akashanda muNizhny Novgorod, mumusoro weSuzdol-Nizhegorodsky musoro, wakapiswa zvachose muna 1378. Zvichida, aigona kutora chikamu mumifananidzo yeKathedral of the Savior uye Annunciation Monastery. Uye kare muna 1392 mhizha inoshanda muAssumption Cathedral yeKolomna pakukumbira kwaGreat Duchess Evdokia, mudzimai weChirungu Dmitry. Gare gare, kereke yaiwanzovakwa zvakare, uye frescoes haina kudzivirirwa.
Kufamba kuMoscow
Theophanes the Greek, iyo biography, zvinosuruvarisa, inowanzobatanidzwa neshoko rokuti "inonzi", mushure mokunge Kolomna aenda kuMoscow. Pano, uye izvi zvinopupurirwa neUtatu Makoronike uye tsamba yakakurumbira, anoronga masvingo uye anoshongedza temberi zvitatu. Panguva iyoyo, akanga atova nechikoro chavo, vadzidzi uye vateveri, avo, pamwe nekubatanidzwa kwechimiro chekuzivikanwa cheMoscow mufananidzo weSmoson the Black muna 1395, Theophanes akaveza masvingo eChechi yeKuberekwa kwaMukadzi wedu uye chechi yeSt. Lazarus muKremlin. Mabasa ose akaitwa nehurongwa hweMukuru Duchess Evdokia. Uye zvakare tinofanirwa kutaura kuti chechi haina kuchengetwa, iye zvino guru Guru Kremlin Palace rinomira munzvimbo yayo.
Njodzi yakaipa, kutevera basa ra tenzi
Anozivikanwa nounyanzvi weMiddle Ages, munyori wemifananidzo anonzi Theophanes the Greek pamwe nevadzidzi vake anowedzera muna 1399 kuti afukidze Kereke Yenyika Dzakakwirira, iyo yakapiswa zvachose nehanzvadzi yeGood Horde uye Tyumen Principality - Tokhtamysh. Kubva mutsamba yaEpiphanius inozivikanwa kuti tenzi akanyora pamadziro etemberi kuMoscow Kremlin nemakereke ayo ose. Asi muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechi16, muvakirati weItaly Aleviz Novy anoparadza kereke uye anovaka imwe itsva yezita rimwe chete, iro rakapona kusvikira nhasi.
Unyanzvi hweTheophanes muGiriki hunowanzofananidzirwa nefrescoes, sezvaakagadzira masvingo emachechi kusvikira pakuguma kwemazuva ake. Muna 1405 basa rake rokusika rinopindirana nemabasa aAndrei Rublev nemudzidzisi wake - "mukuru kubva kuGorodets", saka sidza mufananidzo weMoscow mufananidzo weProkhor weGorodets. Ava vatatu vatenzi vanozivikanwa munguva yavo pamwechete vakagadzira kereke yechechi yeBasil I, iri muAnnunciation Cathedral.
Frescos haisati yakachengetedzwa - kereke yekodhi yaiva, zvakasikwa, yakavakwa zvakare.
Icho chisina chokwadi
Chii chakachengetedzwa? Chii chaifungidzirwa chakaitwa naTheophanes mukuru wechiGiriki achienda kune vana vake? Icons. Maererano nerimwe remaBhaibheri akange aripo, iconostasis ye Annunciation Cathedral yeMoscow Kremlin , yakachengetedzwa kusvikira nhasi, yakatanga kunyorwa kuAssumption Cathedral muKomomna. Uye mushure memoto we1547 wakatamirwa kuKremlin. Mukereke imwe chete yaive "Our Lady of Don", chinyorwa uye biography yake. Kuva rimwe rekushandurwa kwakawanda kwe "Rudo" (rimwe zita rinonzi "Joy of All Joys"), mufananidzo wacho wakafukidzwa nenyanzvi pamusoro pekubatsira kwao kunoshamisa mukukunda kunokonzerwa neuto raGuru Duke Dmitry pamusoro pemapoka eNorth Horde muna 1380. Mushure meHondo yeKukokovo, zvose mutungamiri uye mutsvene mutsvene vakagamuchira chirevo chekutanga "Don" uye "Don". Mufananidzo wacho pachawo unobatanidza-kune rumwe rutivi kune "Kufanirwa kweMhandara." Chinhu chinonyanya kukosha chinonyanya kugadzirwa chinowanikwa muTrtyakov Gallery. Zvakawanda zvakaongororwa zvakaitwa, uye zvinogona kukonzerwa kuti munyori wayo ndiye Theophanes the Greek. Mifananidzo "Four-digit" uye "John mubhapatidzi - Angel of the Desert neupenyu" ndeyekunyora-mumiriri wemasangano, asi kunyora kwake pachako kunopikisana. Kumabasa evatenzi vekuchikoro kwake kunogona kunzi chiratidzo chemasimbi makuru, chakanyorwa muna 1403 - "Kuchinja".
Scant biographical data
Zvechokwadi, pane zvishoma zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvesimba guru. Asi Epiphany Akachenjera, uyo aiziva iye pachedu, akanga ari shamwari naye, saka anovimbika nomwoyo wose tarenda, kushandiswa kwechipo chechipo, hupamhi hwezivo kuti hazvibviri kusatenda zvipupuriro zvake. Muponesi Fofani wechiGiriki anowanzotaurwa semuenzaniso webasa rechikoro chechiGiriki nechirevo chakataurwa neByzantine maitiro ekunyora. Iyi fresco, sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, ndiyo yakawanda zvikuru yezvidimbu zvematambo emadziro eNovodod Cathedral, yakawanikwa muna 1910. Ndiyo imwe yenyika inozivikanwa zvikuru zviyeuchidzo zvekuvakwa kwemu medieval Rus. Imwe mufananidzo weMuponesi, iyo ndeyemabasa e tenzi, iri muKremlin pa Annunciation iconostasis.
Imwe ye "Utatu" mukuru
Pakati pezvinyorwa zvekereke iyi mune imwe nyanzvi yenyika inokosha, munyori weTheophanes the Greek. "Utatu" yakachengetedzwa zvakakwana uye iri pamakwiya. Nyaya yezvinyorwa zve "Can Hospitality of Abraham" iri pamwoyo webasa iri, kunyange zvazvo chimiro chayo pa fresco chisina kuchengetedzwa, "Utatu" inofanirwa kuve isina kufanirwa kunyatsodzidza kusvika ikozvino. Mutsamba yake, Epiphanius anoyemura matarenda mazhinji eTheophanes muGiriki-chipo chemuverengi, tarenda yemudzidzisi anonzwisisa, nzira isina kujairika yokunyora. Maererano nehupupuriro hwomurume uyu, chiGiriki, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, chaive netarenda rekudzidzira. Anorondedzerwa semufananidzo wemufananidzo, nyanzvi yepamusoro fresco mifananidzo uye mumiririri. "Akanga ari bhuku rekufungidzira" - izvi ndizvo zvinorumbidzwa mumutauro wepakutanga. Kunyorwa kwemasitomita kubva kuPalalter, aIvan the Terrible uye akachengetwa muTroitsko-Sergius Lavra, anonzi anonzi Theophanes the Greek. Iye, pamusana pekufungidzira, inyanzvi ye "Evhangeri yeFedor Cats". Mwanakomana wechishanu waAndrei Kobyly, tateguru chaiyo weRomanovs, ndiye aiva mubati weTheophanes the Greek. Bhuku rakarongedzwa zvakanaka. Itai kuti vadzidzisi vake vadzidzisi vadzidzisi vese vakagadziridzwa, uye vakagadzirwa negoridhe.
Kuzivikanwa kweTheophanes the Greek
Pamberi peFeofan, vanyori vakawanda vemaonero, uye vemuzuva rake, mukuvakwa kwebasa ravo vainyanya kunyanya kushandisa prorisi (tsvina yakaonda, yakagadzirwa kare kubva pakutanga). Uye nzira yakasununguka yokunyora chiGiriki yakashamisika uye yakakunda vazhinji - "iye, zvakaita, nemaoko ake akaiswa" - anofarira Epiphanius, achimuti "murume akanaka kwazvo." Zvechokwadi akanga ane chirevo chekusika munhu oga. Zuva chaiyo rekufa kwechigoni hazvizivikanwi, mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvinotaurwawo kuti akafa shure kwe 1405. Muna 1415 munyori wetsamba yakakurumbira inotaura nezvechiGiriki munguva yapfuura. Saka, akanga asiri mupenyu. Uye Feofan akavigwa, zvakare, zvichida, pane imwe nzvimbo muMoscow. Zvose izvi zvinosuruvarisa uye zvinongotaura chete kuti Russia yakagara ichiona nguva dzakawanda dzinotambudza, panguva iyo vavengi vakazviparadza kurangarira kwevanhu vakaumba kubwinya kwayo.