TNCs ari upfumi. TNK - nayo ...

Pakati mazana upfumi kupfuura munyika, 52 vari nemakambani, uye 48 - States. Nhasi, makambani atonge nyika. Political lobbying uye pose kukanganisa TNCs pamusoro emari kunyika dzakawanda iguru kuti kumisa mitemo mutambo kwete chete nokuda vakwikwidzi, asiwo yose inoti.

TNK - zviri upfumi, kufanana neshekeri wenyika chete. Mamwe makambani anogona kunzi munhu constituent, sezvo ivo kusika mamiriyoni mabasa uye vane mari akapfuudza GDP kunyika dzakawanda munyika.

Chii TNC?

TNK - a vakasimba dzinodzorwa yesangano munyika dzinoverengeka uye vaitungamirira basa kure nyika. UN Nyanzvi kudzidza dzesangano renyika pamwe 1960, akazivisa zvitatu zvinoita zviri transnational makambani:

• Corporation zvaanosarudza kuburikidza chete vanotungamira centre, anodzidza ari coherent mutemo nekuita rakabatana nzira;
• It rinoumbwa vezvikwata iri maviri kana kupfuura nyika, zviri pamutemo chimiro uye munda zvinogona kuva siyana zvokuita;
• munhu zvidzidzo zviri kwekambani interconnected, kufurira nemumwe basa, mugove unyanzvi, zvinhu uye mabasa.

makambani Global

TNK - basa iri 2/3, vanenge hafu maindasitiri kugadzirwa, uye 80% kubva muzvigadzirwa utsanzi. Ndezvomuzvarirwo kuti rinokosha mugove kwenhumbi kutengeswa (25%) rinobudiswa Makambani akawanda nemakambani. Somuenzaniso, Nestle anotengesa zvizoro kambani L'Oreal uye majini Diesel. A-siyana zvigadzirwa kubva Dove sipo kuna Klondike chokoreti ndohwaJehovha kambani Unilever.

1/3 okuwana vemasangano remarudzi chokuita nenhau dzimwe hurongwa mukati transnational makambani, rokutengesa pane izvo kupfuura nyika kunze kwenyika. US uye vatorwa TNCs 50% kuti ekisipoti kuvhiyiwa muUnited States. Aina mugove UK makambani 80%, apo kunze kwenyika kune Singapore - kusvika 90%.

The International boka rokutanga

sangano rokutanga dzomunyika vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanodavira Templars, yakavambwa muna XII remakore uye kutungamirira, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, dzakawanda zvemari mabasa. Wokutanga TNK - a British East India uye Dutch East India Company, yakavambwa muna 1600 uye 1602, ukuwo. The Dutch boka aivawo vadyi wemari kambani wokutanga. Mega-makambani ari XVII remakore akanga atova simba hurumende pamwero akatungamirira uto chiito, yakagadzirwa mari, wakasika nyuchi uye akatora chikamu mune mhinduro penhau dzakakwirira zvematongerwo enyika.

Transnational makambani ari kupfuura ano chimiro yakabuda munzvimbo yechipiri yezana XIX remakore uye akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze kugadzirwa uye kumusika zvicherwa. In XX remakore, avo zvezvinotaurwa mabasa akaita kuwedzerwa zvakati, kwasvika pose kuburikidza kukura pamwe uye nokudenga weboka basa. Specialization okuwana vakabatsira kuwedzera inzwi rayo.

TNCs uye MNCs

By norudzi Makambani makuru anowanzoshandurwa dziya mu transnational (TNC) uye nemakambani nemakambani (MNCs).

• TNK - vesangano une dzimwe yesangano, aitungamirira kugadzira uye zvokutengeserana uye rokutengesa zvinhu kunze "musha" munyika (apo pamuzinda wavo iri). Munyaya US, vesangano kazhinji inosanganisira vadyi wemari kambani, uyewo TNCs zhinji ano yakabuda somugumisiro dzemarudzi nokuwedzera US, izwi wakapinda zita ravo. TNCs kuitisa mabasa avo munyika dzakasiyana kuburikidza mapazi, subsidiaries nezvimwe masangano. Matavi vane chinenge akazvimirira kugadzirwa uye rokutengesa kupesana, kuita tsvakurudzo uye kubudirira uye zvichingodaro .. Kazhinji, mapazi vanomiririra chihombe maindasitiri kunzwisisa. Migove eungano, sezvinoita mutemo, ndezvaJehovha chete vamiririri kuvambwa kwenyika.
• OLS - iri nemakambani kambani, yebhizimisi ibatanidzo siyana inoti iri maindasitiri, zvesayenzi uye michina hwaro. Dzavo chinosiyanisa zvinhu zvinosanganisira: multi-National uye multi-National zvakarurama makirisito utungamiri. Most TNCs ano ndezvaJehovha wokutanga mhando, sezvo raitungamirwa vamiririri vehurumende. Makambani nemakambani havasi vazhinji. Somuenzaniso, mashoko Anglo-Dutch mafuta achinatsa hanya Royal Dutch Shell uye nemakemikari boka Unilever.

Ari oga boka anogona kuita dzakawanda pamwe kubatana, consortia akasika kugadzirisa zvinetso chaizvo.

kupatsanura vemasangano

Zvichienderana zvezvinotaurwa mabasa uye wegore turnover iri oga TNCs diki (3-4 matavi vatorwa) uye TNCs guru (dzinosvika mazana emapazi munyika dzakasiyana).

• TNK chinjikira kusangana vane mahofisi munyika dzinoverengeka uye anogadzirwa substantially chete kana akafanana zvinhu (semuenzaniso, US repair Makambani kana hurongwa «zvokudya»).
• TNK matavi vertically revatema ikashandiswa mune chete proprietor anokonzera mumatanho ose okupedzisira chigadzirwa kugadzirwa chikwata yaipiwa nenzira imwe kambani vari mune dzimwe nyika.
• Separate (hwakasiyana-siyana) TNK - ndivo makambani anogadzira zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana kubva zvokudya zvizoro. Vari nemauto vezvikwata iri munyika dzakasiyana, kwete aibatanidza yakatambarara kana vertically.

TNCs vari transnational mabhanga (TNB), zvikwereti zvebhizimisi, uye kuronga mari kwema dzakawanda chinokosha. Kudzora pamusoro misika yemari yenyika uye dzakawanda, vanogona kuva chakakomba kukanganisa yakawiriranwa parity munyika dzeEurope.

misika

Transnational makambani chakaita kuti hafu zvachose maindasitiri kugadzirwa munyika, 70% munyika kutengeserana, 40% iyo - ndiro womukati kutengeserana nedzimwe Makambani nemakambani. Makambani akawanda nemakambani anoshanda ari mumunda petroleum, makemikari maindasitiri, motokari, zvinhu zvemagetsi. Munzvimbo idzi, nokusika dzakawanda kugadzirwa kushamwaridzana zvikuru nyore uye zvinobatsira. TNK - anotambura mu sectors zhinji, achitora kudzora misika nyika:

• 90% gorosi, chibage, kofi, fodya, huni, simbi musika;
• 85% of musika bauxite uye mhangura;
• 80% of the pamusika uye musika gaba mugodhi;
• 75% - mafuta, rabha uye mabhanana musika.

TNK - chinhu zvebhizimisi iyo kwete nguva dzose vaiita chete mukurima Somuenzaniso, Siemens, muri mabhanga dzakawanda, mudyandigere uye mari mari, odhita uye makambani inishuwarenzi.

TNK ratings

Global Rating yose nehofori kubva munyika 62 akaisa nokufamba upfumi hwenyika, rakachengetedzwa rakabudiswa muna American inonzi Forbes. Zvinosanganisira 515 TNCs vokuUnited States, 210 Japanese uye 113 Chinese, 56 Indian, 62 Canadian makambani. Pakutanga kwaiva US kubhengi JP Morgan Chase. Other nzvimbo shanu kugoverwa pakati General Electric, Bank of America, Exxon Mobil uye ICBC.

Chechipiri chinokosha chaiva Rating siyana kubva Partnership kuti New American Economy. Zvikamu ndandanda chitoro Wal-Mart Stores richikurukura kuUnited States, Consolidated zveminda zviri akafanana bhajeti muGermany. Rechipiri nerechitatu nzvimbo dzaiva Royal Dutch Shell pamusoro Holland uye Exxon Mobil. Rated mutsetse akaenda Apple, AT & T, Google, Colgate, Budweiser, eBay, IBM, General Electric uye McDonald vake. Maererano nenyanzvi ari kureva kuti TNK akasika anopfuura mamiriyoni 10 mabasa, uye avo mari yaisanganisa ndiko dzakazadza emadhora.

Russia muna chepamusoro ari Hofori

Mune zvinzvimbo zviri Forbes TNK, kuRussia gasi chindingindingi "Gazprom" Akagamuchira rechi16 nzvimbo, akatora aitungamirira chinzvimbo pakati makambani chokuita mafuta uye gasi zvekutepfenyura. Maererano nemagazini US, mubereko "Gazprom" Dzava $ 25 bhiriyoni, uye ayo musika ukoshi -. $ 133,6 mabhiriyoni "Lukoil" uye "Rosneft" munyika kuera vakanotora 69th uye 77th nzvimbo pakati 115 mapoka pasi pose .

Yemarudzi Basa Makambani makuru

Transnational makambani kutamba aitungamirira basa Kudyidzana kwenyika-kirasi R & D. Mugove makambani kupfuura pamusana anopfuura 80% kubva vakanyorwa patents nemari dzinounzwa nokuda kwesainzi. At TNK anoshandisa nhasi vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 70 gore anogadzira kwerinenge $ 1 tiririyoni. In akarondedzera maindasitiri kuburikidza nemakambani dzakawanda basa akapa vanhu mamiriyoni 150.

TNCs nehurumende

Nhasi, TNK nyika munyika dzakawanda sei mabhora ose oupenyu paruzhinji, pasina chinoramba uye chindingindingi simba. Kune makambani akawanda, mune mashoko turnover runopfuura GDP yenyika dzakawanda pamusoro vemakambani aya kazhinji kuita bhizimisi zvakananga nehurumende. Simba TNCs kazhinji kuzeza chero kudzorwa, kusanganisira pamusoro enyika uye zvoupfumi mumatunhu. Nyanzvi uye vaongorori vakaramba vakaratidza kutyira nezvomukana zvakaipa nevezera kudivi TNCs pamusoro munyika diki. Pane zviitiko apo utungamiriri akatsvaka rubatsiro makambani hurumende, kunyange kana kambani aiva mutsekwende vanhu uye nyika zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, muna 2003, Halliburton (USA) akaita chibvumirano kuvakazve kwezvivako yokuIraq for $ mamiriyoni 680.

multinationals Russian

The chidzoke makuru Makambani Russian, achitora vaitungamirira nzvimbo pamisika nyika mumakore 15 apfuura zvave mugumisiro kukura Russian upfumi.

Pakutanga kwa2000 akasika zvakanaka mamiriro kusunungurwa makambani akawanda Russian pamusoro pamusika yose. TNK - ndiko dzesangano, kambani mubereki kuti muridzi guta guru imwe nyika kuti muridzi dzimwe zvinhu. Pasi nzira dzinotevera makambani anokodzera TNK muRussia NLMK, Rao "UES yeRussia" MTS "VimpelCom", TNK-BP, "Alrosa". TNK - ndiye "Rosneft", "Lukoil", "Evraz", "Gazprom", "Rusal", "Severstal", "Sual" MMC "Norilsk nickel". pamusoro Makambani ose vane zvinhu kunze, vari kuwedzera musika yose.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa uye anonyatsozivikanwa mabhanga Russian pakuva dzimwe zvinhu. Izvi zvinosanganisira "Vneshtorgbank", "mari Bank", "Alfa-Bank", "MDM-Bank". Maererano UNCTAD kune TNCs Russian kunogona Classified uye zvokufambisa makambani, akadai "Novoship", "Prisco" uye "Far Eastern Shipping Company."