Transgenic miti: kugadzirira uye kushandiswa

Nyaya zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvirimwa zvakawanda yoku- mumakore achangopfuura. Transgenic Michina ine vavengi ayo uye nevanozvitsigira, zvisinei zvinhu hauzoti zvakajeka pamusoro nguva. Munyaya ino tichakurukura chii chiri zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvirimwa, mune zvayakanakira dzavo nezvayakaipira, zvichakurukurwa mienzaniso transgenic zvirimwa.

The yapera dambudziko

The Vagari kwakaitwa nyika pakutanga 2016 vakasvika vanhu bhiriyoni 7.3 uye ari kukura nokukurumidza nhasi. ndudzi zhinji panyika vanonzwa kuramba yokushomeka kwezvokudya uye mvura. Izvi imhaka pakukuvadza kunoita murume zvakasikwa, izvo zvakazoita kwezvinoshandiswa hwevhu.

Muzana XX remakore zvakanzi akarasika asina asingasviki 20% zvibereko-nzvimbo panyika. nzvimbo yavo uye anoramba kutapudzwa somugumisiro zvipenyu kudzikisirana, masango, Flushing anoshanda penyika, kupambwa nyika zvimwe zvinangwa.

Yezwi kurima maindasitiri zvibereko kugadzirwa methanol kunotungamirira zvinoderedza munzvimbo kurimwa munyika, iyo mberi exacerbates Mamiriro ezvinhu evanhu kudya kunovaka.

Russian Bazi Health netsvakurudzo kuti vanhu zvokudya kunoratidzwa vasanyanye uwandu pakugadzira zvinokosha zvigadzirwa. Somugumisiro, kuperevedza anogadzirwa mapuroteni, mavhitaminzi, uye zvimwe zvakasikwa.

Masayendisiti kufungidzira kuwedzera kwenhamba Nzanga zvevanhu Panyika kuti mabhiriyoni 9-11 na 2050, saka unofanira nekaviri kana kunyange Triple vhoriyamu okurima zvigadzirwa pose. kuwedzera uku hakusi noitika pasina pakatanga transgenic zvinomera kubatsira kuwedzera bhuku zvirimwa uye kuderedza mutengo zvigadzirwa, uyewo ine zvivako dzisina miti yawedzera zvetsika rwokugadzira.

Musimboti zvigadzirwa

Chero mupenyu muviri ane majini kuti kuona zvose mamiriro ayo. Yakagozha cheni majini vakaumba ehupfumi. The cheni pacharwo anonzi genotype (genome).

Kare, mhando itsva vakaberekwa yaunganidzwa wemishonga nevabereki zvirimwa zvakachinja majini nemumwe uye vawane zvimwe zvitsva. Izvi akatora zvizhinji kwazvo nguva, uye kuguma chigadzirwa haisi nguva dzose kuita zvinotarisirwa.

Kuburikidza pokumuka michina mitsva zvaigoneka kushandura muti genotype nokukurumidza nokusuma kwemajini zvakakodzera. mirayiridzo iyi tsvakurudzo basa wakanzi magene mapurani. Plants vane zvakachinjwa majini anonzi transgenic kana majini dzakachinjwa. Genetic mainjiniya ndinosika genotypes itsva. Naizvozvo kukwanisa kukurumidza kuwana zvirimwa itsva. Semukana kuchinja genotype aine chinangwa chaicho.

Mienzaniso Gene okunatsiridza

Genetic ouinjiniya kunobatsira kusuma majini husingakwanisi siyana zvinokuvadza zvinhu:

• Herbicidal nziyo.
• Tupukanana Formulations.
• Phytopathogenic tusingaoneki.

Ivepo sezvo magene kuti vawedzere kuibvisa nguva, kugadzirira senitrogen. Anogona kuvandudza amino iine acid Zvinoumba mapuroteni zvinomera.

The Kugadzirwa okurima bhizimisi uye yekudyara chete zvirimwa munzvimbo huru kunotungamirira kubereka vana tupukanana uye chirwere chinja. Kuvarwisa, masayendisiti asike dzakawanda makemikari. Tupukanana zvishoma nezvishoma ajairane chepfu uye kuva nemishonga. Mamiriro kwezvakatipoteredza iri kuipa panguva iyi: kufa kutsvakwa tumbuyu, uye ivhu kuwira makemikari anokuvadza.

Genetic ouinjiniya inopa pakusikwa majini kuti vabereke kudzivirira zvipukanana. In madomasi kumorwa Gene kukonzera kuora nokukurumidza. The wemagaka anowedzerwa majini anokonzera paumbwe shuga, iwe anoguma chinonhuwira wemagaka. Tichingotarisa Nzira idzi kubvumira zvirimwa akakwana, iyo kupa yakakwirira goho uye havana kutya tupukanana uye musava kurwara.

Tsika iyi rinoitwa kubvira 1984. The transgenic chirimwa yokutanga vakanyorwa muna 1983. Raiva fodya, muchitokisi mamiriro ayo akatanga yechitatu-party magene. Fodya munda miedzo rwaiitwa muna 1986 muUnited States. Uye muna 1994 muUnited States akaenda pasero transgenic chikafu. Ndivo madomasi ane pasi ichiibvira nguva uye soyabhinzi. Makore maviri pamusoro pamusika rakasvika mazita nezvimwe zviratidzo zvizokura: zviyo, madomasi, mbatatisi, soyabhinzi, rapeseed, radish, Squash, uye donje.

Kubvira ipapo, majini okunatsiridza kushandisirwa zvirimwa zvose, zvirimwa vanokura. Izvi imhaka zvoupfumi zvikomborero. Uyezve, Colorado enhunzi anoparadza yakakura zvomuchero nembatatisi, ndokusaka mabhiriyoni emadhora vakarasika. Chisarudzo vachida transgenic nembatatisi, kwete pasi Colorado mbatatisi kovakuoriainen. Unogona kuramba kuzodana transgenic zvirimwa mienzaniso. Pari, mazita iwayo yakakura. Anenge zvirimwa zvose vatopiwa zvavo magene mapatya.

The yesayenzi muitiro

Kuunza transgenic miti kunotanga pakatanga majini dzakananga chirimwa masero kuti kusangana kupinda okutodza dzavo. Muitiro kudzidzisa dzimwe majini nyore kana okutanga masvingo sero vanobviswa ne makemikari: pectinase kana cellulase, iyo inosvitsa chimiro protoplasts. Kusuma majini itsva munzvimbo protoplast mamiriro, pashure iyo masero vari cultured mune inotonhorera ezvinhu, ipapo akaumba masero anoshandiswa nokuda kuzoita zvinomera.

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha magene sayenzi - munhu transgenic miti husingakwanisi sora uye wanda. Nokuti ichi chinangwa nzira kudzidzisa transgenes iyo kutaura antibodies mukati masero pamusoro nemavhairasi mapuroteni. Excretion netsika kwete pachena kuti nemavhairasi, zvinobvira kusika yakavimbika kudzivirira zvirimwa kubva marudzi chirimwa nemavhairasi zvirwere zvakawanda.

The inokosha nzira kubudisa transgenic zvirimwa ndiwo:

1. Kushandiswa Agrobacterium. Zviri yokusuma chaiwo utachiona iri chirimwa genotype.
2. "DNA-pfuti." Muchiitiko chino, masayendisiti chaizvoizvo "davi" yawo DNA kupinda muchitokisi. Somugumisiro, "mabara" aya yakavakwa DNA vake achida nzvimbo.

A akanaka ukoshi

Selection zvakaita zvisingabviri kuti muti pamwe yakawanda mavhitaminzi. Kukura nemakemikari omuviri rwakapa mukana. Somuenzaniso, zvakanzi akaisa "yendarama mupunga" rurefu zviri vhitamini A. Vakagamuchira mastrawberry rurefu zviri vhitamini C. Yakabudiswa soybean, iyo yakawedzera kashanu uwandu vhitamini E.

Kushandisa zvirimwa yakabereka siyana zvinokosha mapuroteni, yokudzivirira, antibodies. Kushandisa chirimwa hurongwa vari recombinant mapuroteni ari dzokutengesa pamwero. Pakutanga rwaiwanikwa munhu kukura kemikari muna 1986. Kubvira ipapo, vakawanda synthesized mapuroteni, pakati zviri:

• avidin (rakashandiswa samolecular tsvakurudzo zvipenyu);
• casein (mukaka mapuroteni inoshandiswa sezvokudya chirungiso);
• Collagen uye elastin (mapuroteni achaporesa).

Kushandisa zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa chirimwa zvinenge kugadzirisa nyaya yakapoteredza wokunatswa svikiro. Somuenzaniso, kuumba chirimwa-biodegradatory. Vanokwanisa kubatsira manyowa mafuta nezvimwe ngozi zvinhu munzvimbo huru.

Kuchenesa mvura uye ivhu, chirimwa chinogona kushandiswa kupinza zvinokuvadza kubva zvakatipoteredza, kunyanya inorema simbi. In kuedza izvi, vatungamirire fodya, ane mano zvose izvi.

Kuita mabasa yokunatsa zvinomera Vakasimwa munzvimbo utachiona raizobviswa uye inoculated pamwe itsva "cleanerkuva" bato. Kuchenesa mvura, miti yakadaro inofanira kubvisa ezvinhu kunyudzwa kupinda aqueous mhinduro.

indasitiri Maitiro

Muitiro kubudisa transgenic zvirimwa zvinosanganisira zvakawanda zvinoti:

1. Mhando rurefu azvipire yauinayo.
2. Kutanga tsika aigona kubudisa goho anoverengeka pagore. (Somuenzaniso, akatunhidzwa mastrawberry, fruiting kaviri muna imwe yezhizha.)
3. Kugadzirwa transgenic zvirimwa husingakwanisi nezvipembenene. (Pane mbatatisi, mbatatisi kovakuoriainen zvinoparadza.)
4. Kusiyana-siyana, kukurira okunze.
5. Rutoto miriwo inobereka mhuka mapuroteni. (In China, fodya cultivar pacharo unobereka lactoferrin kwevanhu.)

Kushandiswa transgenic zvinomera kukubatsira kugadzirisa zvinoverengeka nyaya, pakati pavo: kwezvokudya, agronomic zvinetso pharmacology kukura uye nevamwe vakawanda. Nokuda zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvinomera zviri kunyangarika mishonga yezvipembenene inokuvadza vane tigume zvakatipoteredza. Transgenic zvirimwa husingakwanisi tumbuyu, - ichi hachisi ingano, asi kutanga chaizvo zvokurima zvekutepfenyura.

Kusiyana pakati kuvabereki dzakachinjwa dzinongoitika miti

Simple munhuwo zvake kusiyanisa dzinongoitika uye transgenic miti hazvibviri. Zvinonzi kuwanikidzwa mumarabhoritari nemiedzo.

Russian Bazi Health muna 2002 akarayira Vagadziri kuti inotora zvigadzirwa kuti akaumbwa zvinopfuura zvishanu muzana gennopreobrazovannogo zvinhu. Asi chaizvoizvo, Kunyora kwakadaro anenge hapana anodana. Kwakakodzera macheki zvinoratidza kutyorwa zvakadaro nguva dzose.

Kuti kuva kuzoshanda zvainoreva, kuunganidza uye kutengesa zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvigadzirwa pane mamiriro kunyoresa nzira iri mutoro. Izvi zvakanyanya disadvantageous kuti vagadziri chikafu.

Achinyora chigadzirwa hazvirevi kuti chikafu achaita kukuvadza vanhu. Zvichakadai, vatengi vacho vakawanda kurinzwisisa sezvinoita ngozi chiratidzo.

Zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvirimwa - ndezvipi?

MuRussia, vave vakanyorwa uye anodiwa macheki vose 10 mhando transgenic zvirimwa. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• soyabhinzi zviviri;
• Corn marudzi shanu;
• Two mbatatisi mhando;
• beets;
• shuga bhiti kubva ichi.

KuMadokero, zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvigadzirwa vane Labels, ivo yakazara ari echiShinto. MuRussia, vakawanda zvakafanana zvigadzirwa, kunyange zvazvo zvakakodzera nyora pavari ipapo. Zvisinei, zvinhu izvi zvose zviri yabva dzimwe nyika. MuRussia, kuti majini akachinja tsika akawana saka kure chete kuedza zvesayenzi. Kuzvikudza zvechokwadi masayendisiti ndiye mbatatisi, izvo mbatatisi shizha zvipembenene kufa.

Dzezvakatipoteredza vanoshora matapiri akadaro. The tsvakurudzo, izvo akaratidza kuti nokudya mbatatisi mu makonzo rokuchinja ropa wevacheche, nhamba dzomuviri zvomukati, pane pathologies siyana. Zvisinei, maererano masayendisiti, harisi chikonzero kuramba indasitiri yose.

Transgenic budiriro nyore maberekero nzira, uye dzimwe nguva kwaaiva akachengeteka. Transgenic zvigadzirwa vari isingadhuri zvikuru zvakasikwa, saka, muri kudiwa ari underdeveloped munyika. Mune ramangwana, makemikari miriwo uye nyama chichava zvinobikwa kuzvitoro zviduku vaine mitengo.

Zvakanakira nekuipira zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvinomera

Pane rinopikisa maonero maviri nezvokukosha transgenic rwokugadzira. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuchinja genotypic Data zvachose wakachengeteka nokuda kwevanhu muviri uye inobatsira chaizvo kuti kukura zvokurima. Vamwe vanodavira kuti mugumisiro transformations akadaro chete pashure pemakore akawanda vanozviratidza.

VeMubatanidzwa transgenic miti Akagoverawo nyika iri hafu. Pakati pevaya shure - the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina nevamwe vazhinji. It paacharwisa Europe uye nyika zhinji ine shure hurongwa zvokurima.

The nharo pamusoro transgenic miti iri vaidavira kuti tsika dzakadaro pakupedzisira vanova ineradicable sora kana kuti chokuita nedzimwe yecocoa, zvamunozvidza zvakatipoteredza. Chokwadi, zviri ingangodaro.

Mamiriro munyika uye Russia

echiShinto European kubva kuvabereki dzakachinjwa zvigadzirwa hadziwanzowaniki chaizvo. State Zviremera vari mitemo yakaomarara yaida chitaridzi zvigadzirwa zvakadaro. Panewo mitemo kuti DNA. nzvimbo iyi Europe ndiro enyika uye zvoupfumi hunhu.

In Russia mitemo yakadaro asi. Zvisinei, hapana mitemo kuti kubvumira kuisa gennoizmenennye tsika. Undotungamirira kukura kugadzirwa mhando itsva, uyewo akabvumira kupinza gennopreobrazovannye zvigadzirwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika. In Russia kutorwa transgenic soyabhinzi uye zviyo.

Public mafungiro pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu nenhumbi gennoizmenennymi fomu zvenhau vamiririri. Ivo kudza kuti zvinonyadzisa uye kutora divi vavengi gennopreobrazovannoy zvigadzirwa. Zvesayenzi uchapupu vakachengeteka kwayo panguva imwe chete vari mimvuri.

Pane chikonzero chokunetseka?

Chero mbesa kubatwa magene kusanduka, kupfuura madikanwa kuchengeteka macheki vasati kugamuchira mvumo vakawanda kushanda. Hurumende masangano ichitsvaka nezvakatipoteredza uye toxicological njodzi chokuita kurima zvirimwa izvi. No chakakomba zvinokonzerwa pashure kushandiswa zvinoberekeswa dzakachinjwa zvigadzirwa usati vakanyorwa.

Genetic ouinjiniya unopisira kumbonyanya rakajeka tarisiro: transgenic zvinomera regai kurwara uye regai kuora. Asi usakanganwa yekare shoko: ". Nature aisema munhu Vacuum" Where kuenda tupukanana uye zvirwere? Ko tupukanana kuramba pasina zvokudya uye kufa? Chii KUCHAITA Fani iyi ichiri kujeka.

Maererano vavengi transgenic zvigadzirwa, mainjiniya, nyanzvi dzinoongorora vanoita mhirizhonga zvisikwa. Ivo, kusiyana Breeders kufambisa chero Gene chero mirayiridzo, izvo vaizongoguma kutungamirira migumisiro inosuruvarisa. Zvisinei, panguva iyoyo, uye vanachiremba vanovhiya vakapomerwa vanoda kupindira nomuviri womunhu uye mishonga yemazuva afambira mberi kwazvo, uye chiremba wacho nezviito, hapana mhosva kukakavadzana.

Ivai kuti hazvo, kufambira mberi hatingaregi. Zvichida, kushandiswa transgenic miti - ndiyo pfupi chokurima indasitiri. Uyezve, kukura yokugara okugadzira kunogona kubatsira kurima kubuda ezvinhu akawanda akaoma. A hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu matsva achapa sarudzo nezvimwe nyaya (zvokudya, zviripo uye enyika).

Zvino zvava pachena kuti vakadaro transgenic zvirimwa (GMPs), kupa muenzaniso uye mhinduro yomubvunzo uyu anogona chero muverengi yacho.