Zvidukuduku - ndiwo mamwe nesayenzi? Medical zvidukuduku

It unopoteredza dzinogarisana kwevanhu, vamwe zvinoumba izvo dzatisingazokwanisi kuona. Uye nokuti kuwedzera vanhu nemhuka, panewo Microcosm, zvakananga kana zvisina kunanga kunokanganisa rose zvakatipoteredza, zvakafanira kudzidza. Science, nzira uye zvinangwa izvo chinangwa pakudzidza zvipenyu, mitemo kukura kwavo uye upenyu, uyewo zviri kubata pamwe zvakasikwa uye zvakananga munhu, ane zvidukuduku.

Nezvekugadzirwa zvidukuduku

Senzira neezvitendero kosi yunivhesiti inonzi "zvidukuduku" hurukuro zvinosanganisira zvinhu chokuita munhoroondo nesayenzi. Uyezve, ayo kukura dzinounzwa rairatidza nguva iyo yakatanga maikorosikopu pakati nokugadzirwa uye ongororo wokutanga kwemabhakitiriya. Utachiona Zvadaro itsva zvishoma nezvishoma akazarura sainzi, uye kukosha kwavo hunowedzera zvinzwisiswe murume. Panguva iyoyowo mberi yakawanikwawo kwoutachiona hunokonzera chirwere kwevanhu.

Pakati 1880 uye 1890, iyo vaiona "yendarama zera" wezvinhu zvipenyu zvidukuduku, chakaratidza chepamusorosoro nhamba panguva yakawanikwa. Uye kukosha Roberta Koha (yaifananidzira pazasi), uyo yakatanga nzira kuti nevamwe tupukanana kubva pamba, hazvigoni kungotariswa. Naizvozvo isu vakava dzimwe nzira kuti Detective tusingaoneki. zvivako zvavo uye basa zvinhu zvipenyu uyewo zvinoitwa nevanhu vave akadzidza zvizere.

Mupiro masayendisiti kuti kukura nesayenzi

musayendisiti wokutanga vaiedza kuronga Microcosm zvinenge vakava Otto Friedrich Müller. Akazotaura 379 mumwe mhando zvigare. Ndakavatakura mamwe makirasi. Zvidukuduku, utsanana uye epidemiology akanga asati kushandisa, asi utachiona vaitova pfungwa sei nomumwe zvinhu zvipenyu ari kuwana vanhu ziso nyika.

Ziva ino uye kudzidza zvakawanda nezvayo rakabatsira zvidzidzo Lui Pastera uye Roberta Koha. Ekupedzisira aigona kuva nhungamiro kuti nevamwe tusingaoneki kubva mharidzo zvinhu zvakatorwa kubva varwere dzevanhu, uye Pasteur (pamwe Koch) chinoguma kuti utachiona - ndiwo causative vaishandira noutachiona pathologies. Zviya, panguva apo zvirwere vakawanda vakaita rakakura kunopindirana hwevanhu vanorwara, basa zvidzidzo izvi zvave kukosha chaizvo.

Pashure paizvozvo mazita matsva akawanda kuonekwa munhoroondo nesayenzi. Uye yakatanga zvidukuduku. Masayendisiti akaita kuti ichi chikuru chinhu abatsira zvikuru kurumbidza mazita avo. Somuenzaniso, vaongorori akadai M. V. Beyerink, S. N. Vinogradsky, Hans Christian giremu, II Mechnikov, Di Ivanovsky, Ls Tsenkovsky, E. A. Bering , Z. A. Waxman, A. Calmette, R. F. Peyton nevamwe. Chokwadi, ichi hachisi mazita rakakwana Zvinovheneka nesayenzi, uye zvakatonyanya kudaro, isu hatingavatengeri kukwanisa pasi Article tsanangura dhigirii zvavo zvose. The kosi, yaiti "zvidukuduku" (hurukuro uye okudhindira) Anoongorora muudzame vazhinji zvabuda pakutsvakurudza remasayendisiti izvi.

nzvimbo dziridza zvidukuduku

Panguva ino padariro pakukura chero sainzi vari kuvandudzwa zvokutsvakurudza nzira, izvo zvinoreva kuti pane yaibvira kudzidza zvimwe Micro-zvinenge vavo maitiro zvizere. Somugumisiro zvakawanwa zvakaitwa, kubvumira zvakananga kana kuti zvisina kunanga kushandisa ruzivo pamusoro utachiona chero bhizimisi zvakanaka. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, zvidukuduku - haisi yokungotaura munda zivo. Chinhu sayenzi kuti rine mamwe matavi:

• mukuru zvidukuduku;
• Medical (Mycology, bacteriology, virology, protozoology);
• wemhuka;
• maindasitiri;
• Agriculture;
• Mapazi utsanana zvidukuduku;
• mvura zvidukuduku.

Medical zvidukuduku ari sayenzi zvizere zvinosanganisira mycology, bacteriology, protozoology, virology, immunology uye utsanana. Nzira kubvumira kuziva utachiona zvirwere uye mishonga inoshanda inoshandiswa kuvabata, vanoita ekudzivirira chirwere kare kunotungamirira pandemics kukuru kufa prices.

Immunology kuoma ari nokukanganisika dzinotsanagura kutapata akapotsa diverged kubva zvidukuduku kune yoga nesayenzi. Nhasi, zvakanamirwa pamwe kenza uye chisimbwa. Panguva imwe mapazi wakafanana zvidukuduku vari hakukoshi: vanobvumira isu kufungidzira tarisiro kushandiswa zvinoberekeswa engineered tupukanana zvinoratidza Climate kukura uye zvipenyu munharaunda mugungwa uye nyika. Uyewo chinokosha dzingangoitika kushanda tarisiro tusingaoneki mune zvokurima kuti tikurire tupukanana, kana kuti kuwedzera goho.

zvidukuduku Zvinangwa

Mumwe yoga Bazi zvidukuduku ine zvinangwa zvayo uye nzira kuti kuvatendera kuti kuzadzisa. Zvikurukuru, zvokurapa zvidukuduku ndehwokuti kuongorora vaifanira zvinoita uwandu pathogenic uye conditionally pathogenic tupukanana tusingaoneki, avo kudyidzana pamwe muviri, uyewo zvichibvira nzira kukurira nevanhu utachiona uye kurapwa.

Kusimudzira microbial zvokuongorora foci kubviswa pathogenic microflora muna biosphere, uye mushonga prophylaxis mukwanisi zvokurapa zvidukuduku unyanzvi. Panguva iyoyowo, nokuda kushayikwa mari uye nokuda inobvira ngozi Kuparara pezvakaitwa mune zvinhu zvipenyu, asi hapana nzira zvachose kubvisa zvose zvinokonzera zvirwere. Zvisinei, panguva ino padariro utsanana uye utsanana, zvidukuduku uye immunology anogona kuderedza uwandu pathologies dzakadaro vavo matambudziko.

Industrial zvidukuduku ndehwokuti kuongorora ehupfumi noutachiona kuti anogona kushandiswa mumatanho akasiyana-siyana kugadzirwa. Kunyanya, ndiyo nzvimbo kwesainzi ndiko kushandiswa utachiona kuti kudzikisirana kuti maindasitiri kunouraya. In zvokurima zvidukuduku chinangwa ndiwo zvinogona kushandiswa miniti zvipenyu kuwedzera goho uye zvinoita kudzora zvipukanana uye nemasora.

Veterinary zvidukuduku, uyewo zvokurapa, kudzidza utachiona vari mhuka. Nzira kuziva zvirwere, chirwere chavo uye kurapwa shamwari dzedu muduku anongokosha sezvo kuti vanhu. Water zvidukuduku yave kudzidza Zvinoumba nyanza zvigare systematize zivo uye zvinogona kuitwa chikumbiro chavo bhizimisi kana kurima.

Utsanana zvidukuduku Anoongorora zvokudya uye rinoratidza utachiona mavari. Chinangwa charo kuvandudzika nzira kuti ritsigire batch mangé dzinodyiwa zvigadzirwa. Dambudziko rechipiri - denda zvirwere zvinotapukira uye Optimization yokuwana vanhu vari siyana nemasangano kuti kune ngozi panyaya dambudziko kuonana zvirwere.

General zvidukuduku

General zvidukuduku - iri sainzi, unyanzvi hunoita kuti tikwanise kudzidza chero tusingaoneki zvakasiyana-siyana nzvimbo. Ichi chinokosha indasitiri kuti anopa mashoko pamusoro maindasitiri, zvokurima, wemhuka uye zvokurapa zvidukuduku. Iye ari kudzidza utachiona uye nemhuri dzavo, kukwanisa zvigare kukura dzakasiyana-siyana inotonhorera nhau, mifananidzo kugarwa zvimwe okunze zvikamu.

Gene vasakukurwa zvakare imwe huru zvinodiwa bacteriologists, sezvo mashandiro ichi zvinobvumira bacteria kuwana unyanzvi itsva pfupi nguva. Chimwe chezvinhu chisingadiwi ndiyo nemishonga. The chidzoke idzva husingakwanisi imwe Anti-infectives okuva mabhakitiriya zvinoomesa zvikuru basa zvokurapa zvidukuduku.

Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. General zvidukuduku - sayenzi nemavhairasi, notumwe tupukanana majemusi. Izvi zvakare dzidziso kutapata. Maererano nedzimwe zvido and uye vakaparadzana nemapazi sayenzi: virology, mycology, protozoology Immunology. New Data kubva mukudzidza utachiona, hune notumwe uye nemavhairasi, richashandiswa neimwe bazi zvidukuduku uye vane mumwe kukosha.

bacteriology

Umambo utachiona anonzi kuti kupfuura vakawanda pakati vamwe, iye kudzidza zvidukuduku. Nyaya tsvakurudzo utachiona nokuti narrowest. Kuti patsanura imwe nhengo zvakafanana kwemarudzi kunoda kunyatsodzidza ayo Morphology uye nokukanganisika kwendangariro. Somuenzaniso, enteric utachiona zhinji ichivira kuti shuga uye kwakavakirwa chokuratidza ichi chokuita chaicho boka.

wakachena kwemabhakitiriya tsika - kubva vamwe munharaunda zvinenge mimwe kugozha zvichabviswa pachena. All evanhu ayo achaitwa dzinoratidzwa chete kuvabereki zvinhu, zvakafanana needzimwe nhengo chete kwemarudzi. Uye Chikurukuru, vose utachiona izvi achazvikudza saizvozvo sechikamu chavagari kurarama ezvinhu ichi. Mune dzimwe nguva achinzi ndiye tsika mutates uye zvinoenderana pachena, nokuti iyo, kwakakanganisa itsva. It dzingasiyana yakasiyana akagadzirwa makemikari uye virulence zvinhu. Uye saka kukwanisa kwayo kuti chirwere ichava yakasiyana.

virology

Pakati zvose zvipenyu, nemavhairasi ndivo kupfuura atypical. Vane chakaremara, havakwanisi metabolize, uye nokuda maberekero akasarudza mazano ose parasitism. Zvakakosha kuti ndiyewo zvinoshamisa utachiona zvose kuti kudzidza zvidukuduku (Virology). Immunology iri mubasa mukudzidza nemavhairasi, nekuti vazhinji vavo vanokwanisa inoodza mwoyo masoja emuviri uye kukonzera kenza.

Nemavhairasi vari nyore chaizvo zvinenge vane asi kuti zvakazara kudzidza mashandiro kuti inoshanda. Ivo haugoni zvinovaka muviri, asi kuramba mupenyu. Vasina zvivako anokonzera anokosha, vachiri kurarama. Uyezve, utachiona hunogona aripo sezvo magene zvinhu pamwe zvigadziriswe yawo sumo mumakamuri apo kubereka chichaitwa.

Zviri pachena kuti mashandiro okuzivisa uye maberekero "chakagadzirirwa" nenzira yakadaro kuti vadzivise zvose kumboadya unodzivirira muchitokisi ematongerwo. Muenzaniso utachiona HIV, iyo, pasinei simba kudzivirirwa zvirwere, kukanganisa vanhu nyore uye kunokonzera immunodeficiency. Naizvozvo, zvidukuduku uye immunology vanofanira anorenda kugadzirisa dambudziko iri, kutsvaka nzira yokugadzirisa nayo. Uye sezvo utachiwana nokuda kunotouraya kunoshamisa akurumidze anova zvokusarudza, kuti zvigadziriswe kurwisa utachiona izvi zvinofanira kugadzirwa nokukurumidza sezvinobvira.

mycology

Mycology - bazi vakawanda zvidukuduku, izvo inodzidza anoumba. Utachiona uhwu zvichida kukonzera zvirwere nomunhu uye mhuka, uyewo kukuvadza zvirimwa. MAUMBIRWO akapamba zvokudya, uye nokuda kuti vanokwanisa kuumba spores raishanda haufi. Zvisinei, chero bedzi vane vashoma virulence zvinoita uye muwande zvisanduke, mupiro yavo hombe kuitika yakaderera.

Notumwe ndivo kupfuura nezviripo zvinenge kurarama zvikuru ezvinhu ari munyika. Ivo Kashoma inogarwa pemvura asi zvakanaka mumamiriro ezvinhu ose nepakati kusvikira kumusoro mwando. Uye, zvikurukuru, notumwe kukura pamusoro hulls ose chitundumusere-musere orbiting Pasi uye nevakabva yakakomberedzwa dzaparadzwa paChernobyl reactor yenyukireya. Tichifunga rakakura nemishonga zvokufunga tikurire tusingaoneki izvi, zvokudya zvidukuduku uye kutsvinda zvinofanira kukudziridzwa maziso. Izvi zvinofanira kuita kuti kukura mycology nezvimwe nemapazi vakawanda zvidukuduku.

protozoology

Zvidukuduku zvidzidzo uye majemusi. Izvi unicellular zvinenge zviri vakasiyana utachiona makuru Ukuru pamberi muchitokisi musimboti. Nokuda kwayo Kuwanikwa, vari nani unoenderana ezvinhu mira zvakatipoteredza, pane kuti dynamically kuchinja. Zvisinei, ivo vanokwanisa kukonzera chirwere, vanenge vasara.

Maererano nenhamba yakabva WHO, vanenge chikamu zvose nyaya chirwere chakaita kuti marariya. Nepo hazvibviri kukurira chose, nekuti pane zvakawanda mhando Plasmodium. Nokudaro, kukosha Kudzidzazve protists zvavo uye zvikurukuru plasmodium guru kwazvo.

immunology

The Research Institute of zvidukuduku of USSR aiitisa zvidzidzo zviri masoja dzevanhu gadziriro dzakawanda. Zvisinei Dzepamutemo kwavari zvakaoma kushandisa mishonga, nokuti chirwere zvino inokosha. Tiri kutaura akatevedzana serological nechirwere kwezvirwere zvinotapuriranwa. It zvidukuduku kunotoda mushonga nokuda kuvapo ari zvombo munhu anokosha chirwere chokushandisa.

Zvakakosha kuti zvose weDhipatimendi Epidemiology uye zvidukuduku, mune imwe nzira kana imwe sei pfungwa kutapata. Uye vose anoranga zvinonzi nevakawanda kushandiswa yokudzivirira. budiriro yavo zvakare pamusana nesayenzi mapepa immunologists uye microbiologists. Dzinomirira inonyatsobudirira chokudzivirira zvinoreva kuti dzisanyanya (uye mune zvimwe zviitiko kunyange kubvisa) mukana wokuti utachiona kuonana pathogenic nemavhairasi kana kwemabhakitiriya utachiona. Zvino ndiwo pokumuka yokudzivirira kuzorwa HIV uye nemavhairasi kuti anokonzera nechitarisiko kenza anomera.

nzira zvidukuduku

Kudzidza zvimwe microorganism - nzira yokuziva zvinhu zvayo Morphology, kuongorora kukwana nokukanganisika siyana umo nayo anokwanisa ruchiyerera, kuziva RNA anonzi imwe nzvimbo zita zvikuru uye epfungwa. yakawanda basa rakadaro kunodiwa kuita pamukova tsika itsva. Kana microbe atopiwa kuzivikanwa (pakutsvaga peculiarities ari chinovira substrates, tsika nhau kana muchitokisi pamadziro), zvino munoda kutora kuti imwe epfungwa. Chero mabasa izvi zvinoda kwezvipimo nzira uye yakananga michina.

Uyewo, zvokurapa zvidukuduku iine basa: kuwana causative nomumiririri hosha iri chaivo zvinwiwa uye munyama, izvo kutumirwa virulent zvirwere, aiona kuvapo nayo utachiona kubva serological zvezvinangwa, kuona mumwe munhu susceptibility nezvimwe zvirwere. mabasa ava microbiological, nemaziso, utachiona, serological uye sema nzira.

Mubhuku rinonzi "zvidukuduku" Vorobev A. V. inobudisa pachena kuti microscopy kunokosha, asi kwete chikuru nzira kuti kudzidza microbe. Iri chiedza, Erekitironi, danho musiyano, rima-munda uye fluorescence. Munyori Inotaurawo kuti sezvo kukosha nzira microbiological tsika anoonekwa, vachibvumira kukura muhutongi tupukanana inowanikwa zvoutachiona zvinwiwa uye pavarwere.

The tsika nzira ingava virological uye bacteriological. Kakawanda, tsvakurudzo kunodiwa ropa, weti, nemate, sputum, cerebrospinal mvura. Kwavari muri muviri uye kudyara pawo inotonhorera svikiro. Izvi zvakakodzera nokuti chirwere, nokuti wevasungwa mabhakitiriya ari chaivo zvinhu zvikuru diki, uye tsika nzira anobvumira nekukura utachiona.

Bhuku nezvenyaya "zvidukuduku" Vorobev A. V. and said anotsanangura nzira yokudzidza chaivo tupukanana. Vari inobva hurumende ichiisa dzakananga zvinokachidza kuri vari boka kwemabhakitiriya mhando, kana kuti kuoma imwe chete. Sema nzira chokuita pfuma kwemabhakitiriya zvinokachidza kukonzera sensitization (kana sensitization) ari microorganism panguva utachiona. Somuenzaniso vanogona kutaurwa Mantoux bvunzo. Serological nzira, akavapindurawo, vari vakaita zvimwe antibodies uye maantigen mabhakitiriya. Izvi zvinobvumira kuti nokukurumidza uye zvakarurama kuona pamberi tupukanana mu zvinyama kana Urume zvinhu zvakatorwa kubva murwere.

Hombe Kubudirira yezvokurapa zvidukuduku

Zvidukuduku - zvakakosha kuti tsika zvokurapa sainzi, izvo panguva yayo pfupi kuvapo akatiponesa upenyu zvisingaverengeki. Mukuru muenzaniso kuwanikwa utachiona anokonzera zvirwere. Izvi akatibvumira kuwana mushonga wokutanga. Pamusana naye kubva muchikuvadza chirwere akakwanisa kuponesa akawandisa nemasoja.

Zvadaro, kushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya yave kuwedzerwa, uye nhasi kunobatsira kuita kushandiswa dzakaoma. Sezvo zvirwere zvakawanda hazvigoni vakaporeswa pasina kushandisa mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, kuvapo kwavo anongoti akatendeuka mushonga zvose uye zvinoita kuponesa upenyu zhinji. Kubudirira uku ari ndima chete Vaccine uye akaponesa varwere vakawanda kubva poriyo utachiona, hepatitis B uye chibhokisi. Zvino dzakabudirira immunological nzira yokubata kenza.