Glass. Kugadzirira uye kushandiswa. Glass utsotso pfungwa

Sezvo mumwe mukuru zvinhu, girazi yave kushandiswa nevanhu kwezviuru zvemakore, kwete chete. The pakawanda izvi zvinhu akamutendera kuti kushandiswa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana maindasitiri. Physico-namakemikari ehupfumi ari girazi rinoreva inorganic yeimwe, zvakaoma, ine amorphous Murongerwo iri isotropic.

Nokuti mumwe mhando regirazi kugadzira kwacho inozivikanwa kuchinja mamiriro aggregation pamusoro flowable, zvikuru viscous kune rinoonekera chimiro. Production zvemichina rinopa kutonhora nayo pamwero iyo haabvumiri kufamba mune uchanyangadika chokutambudzika crystallization.

Glass utsotso tembiricha zvinoenderana unhu ayo uye kutarisirwa unongotaura. Kazhinji, kubika kunoitika pamusoro nokururamisira paupamhi kubva 300 kusvika 2500 ° C tembiricha siyana. Properties yamarudzi ichi kunobva zvakamisa hurongwa zvaisanganisira mugirazi-kusikwa uchanyangadika. The Pamazita rakanyatsojeka rakakura uye inomiririrwa siyana oxides, phosphates, fluorides, uye dzimwe yokuvirisa. In Classic ichi, pachena haisi yekupedzisira chikabviswa nokuda mhando dzakasiyana regirazi kuitika zvakasikwa uye synthesized mukufamba kugadzirwa.

Kubva kupfuura kare magirazi rwokugadzira, yomusi mazana manomwe BC, akasangana archeologists mubasa Zvakafukunurwa muIjipiti. Ava vaiva marozari uye mazango. Asi pashure zviuru zvishomanana makore kusvikira veMubatanidzwa wokutanga maindasitiri zvinomera, girazi mafekitari ari namasere remakore. A chinoratidza regirazi kurimwa pamabasa ndechokuti utsotso pfungwa regirazi vakawana achishandisa marasha, uye nokuda kubvunda simbi boilers yakavharwa.

Asati kuti aishandiswa huni huni, magirazi-refu okudhindira munzvimbo, akapararira choto uye mafuta ukapisa munharaunda nokukurumidza. The boilers azaruka, huni hazvirevi kusunungura zvinhu chokuita pachena uye Ruvara chigadzirwa goho. The tembiricha iri girazi utsotso kwacho ari mhando yakasvika 1450 ° C.

Chiitiko chinokosha chaiva nokugadzirwa pakutanga XX remakore kugadzirwa sandara regirazi nzira, ainzi pashure yokuvaka ayo Emilya Furko, uyo zvinganaka nzira muchina Hood. Waivapo kusvikira 1959, yakanga kwaidarika nokuda ichiyangarara nzira, yakataurwa kambani "Pilkington".

The chikuru zvinoumba munhu kwakajairika girazi riri silica jecha ari nhamba 69-74%, pasoda (12-16%), reraimu uye dolomite (5-12%). Asi muitiro okuwana chinokosha kwete chete tembiricha panguva iyo magirazi Unonyunguduka asi izvo akanyauka kutonhora zvazvingava. Tichingotarisa, pamusoro nokukurumidza kutonhora kunogona kuwanikwa vitreous uye simbi, chikuru nguva kuchitonhora kuti uchanyangadika kuti sekristaro zvakachinjikwa inotungamirwa.

Kana zvakasiyana vose anokwezva zvivako ose kwakajairika magirazi panguva pane kudiwa nokukurumidza kupfuura Zvinokosha zvakaisvonaka uye lightweight segirazi zvinhu. Chokutanga, hazvina rachinja maindasitiri, kushandisa ndege rokuvaka. Plexiglas vacho zita rayo chete pamusoro kwokubatira akafanana zvetsika girazi.

Its was kuramba kusvikira kashanu yepamusorosoro, zviri nyore 2.5 nguva. Sezvazvakanyorwa zvasvika padanho chiedza kupararira 92%, ine mukuru nemishonga kuti kuchembera. Nyore uye inokwanisika plexiglass ari kugadzira. Utsotso pfungwa plexiglass uri mukati 90-105 madhigirii, iyo inoita kuti kupisa zvakaipa.

Asi zvose izvi zvinhu vakatora ose niche kumabasa ano. Traditional inorganic girazi zvakasimba akabata chinzvimbo chacho uye haasi kuenda kutora ichangoburwa Organic Polymers.

Kushandisa chakarondedzera nouipi siyana uye yokuvirisa inopa zvinoshamisa kwete chete Manyiminya zvechadenga girazi, asiwo yekudyidzana kuvandudza ayo zvemaziso ehupfumi.

Kuwedzera maindasitiri mafomu, hazvibviri haana kuziva basa uri girazi. Master glassmakers, mberi tsika vemifananidzo vekare pave ounyanzvi zvakagadzirwa negirazi kuva unyanzvi wechokwadi. In dzavo okudhindira yamavira regirazi utsotso tembiricha zvasvika, kushanda anenge ruoko mubasa rake kuita vanoratidza fungidziro zvinoshamisa, asi nguva yakawanda mumuviri nesimba kwete chete.