Tsaona pa simba renyukireya miti. The paChernobyl tsaona: zvinokonzera, liquidators yakaipa

Iva musoro of paChernobyl njodzi (sezvo kupfuura simba renyukireya chirimwa tsaona) uye nemigumisiro yayo hazvibviri pasina kunzwisisa chii chinoumba yose nharaunda pamberi Tsaona. Saka, munyaya ino vanofanira kutanga nhoroondo paChernobyl woruwa, Kyiv nharaunda, zvakawanda chaizvo, kunyange munhau netaundi paChernobyl. The tsaona panguva renyukireya simba chirimwa chakasimbiswa chokuita guta njodzi nevanhu, asi kutaurwa kutanga ndeyemunguva remakore rechi15 (mu Omani zvinyorwa), uye ine kare.

History of paChernobyl nemisha yakapoteredza

Panguva Colonisation pamusoro Ukrainian nyika magnates Polish muzana remakore rechi16 zviri pedyo paChernobyl yakavakwa yamambo hombe, izvo rakapona nanhasi chete parusvingo. PaChernobyl pacharo (sezvo kure kubva guta guru Commonwealth) yaigarwa zvikurukuru nevaJudha, kuburikidza iyo akava mumwe nzvimbo Hasidism (mumwe hova chechiJudha) pashure kugarwa mutaundi youmambo Hasidic rabhi Menachem Tver. Pashure akabatana paChernobyl kuna Russian Empire mumusha vakatanga kuva wokuUkraine tsika, paChernobyl yakava nzvimbo Ukrainian nziyo Northern Polissya. Munguva yevaNazi basa weguta vakarega kuva musimboti woupenyu Jewish, nezvikonzero pachena. Hondo yapera muna paChernobyl vakatanga nenguva Kugadzirwa indasitiri. The Township akawana mamiriro guta uye vagari vemo akakura.

Nokudaro, paChernobyl dziripo kare kare kwaiva tsaona panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa. Taundi yagara chokuita kwete chete renyukireya nesimba chirimwa, asi zvakare muindasitiri pakati, uyewo nzvimbo pave Ukrainian uye Jewish tsika.

Construction uye kusimudzira nharaunda paChernobyl

Muna 1970, yokutanga munharaunda ano Ukraine renyukireya simba chirimwa yakavakwa munharaunda paChernobyl, vaimudana mukukudza mutungamiriri nyika proletariat VI Lenin. Chokwadi, Vladimir Ilyich haana ukama nharaunda paChernobyl, uye Lenin akanga asiri amboenda kunzvimbo idzi. Asi sezvo paChernobyl renyukireya simba chirimwa yakavakwa chaizvoizvo mune imwe nzvimbo yakanga isingagarwi kuti Hazvizivikanwi kuti chero zviitiko akakurumbira kana vanhu vakakurumbira, ichokwadi kuti simba renyukireya chirimwa yakavakwa kuumbwa kwehurongwa kukura simba renyukireya Soviet Union, mutemo uko kunorondedzerwa Congress of CPSU, ainzi pashure vazhinji airemekedzwa muSoviet mamiriro murume.

makiromita gumi muguta pedyo - kure neimba muti. Naizvozvo, pedyo paChernobyl indasitiri renyukireya wakashata rayakavambwa musha Pripyat, akagamuchira muna 1979 mamiriro muguta. The yose Vagari ari kuzvimba kwemakore mashoma guta rave muzvirongwa yenyukireya simba chiteshi kana zvikasadaro vakashumira vashandi vayo muguta. mumadhorobha indasitiri vose nechinangwa chete panguva kuona zvinodiwa indasitiri renyukireya uye yemapurisa. Panguva tsaona yacho vanhu Pripyat zvasvika anenge 50 zviuru vanhu.

guta paChernobyl asina simba renyukireya chirimwa hakusi kuchangotanga ukama, kunze nenzvimbo napedyo. Akararama upenyu hwake kwemazana emakore. Asi kwakanga tsaona panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa, zvakabatanidzwa kuguta chete miganhu napedyo, kuiita muzinda wenyika kutarisirwa.

Kwokuputsika 1986

Muna 1983 aiva, sezvo vachiti, pakarepo kuvakwa nesimba chechina chairema paChernobyl NPP. Makore mashomanana akanga apfuura, masayendisiti Soviet akavaka yenyukireya simba chirimwa yokuIraq, iyo rakaparadzwa kubva mumhepo varwi neIsrael Air Force. Kurwisa ichi akaratidza mhedziso asingabatsiri yeSoviet simba renyukireya indasitiri pamberi kudenha, saka masayendisiti Soviet yenyukireya vakatanga kufunga sei kupa magetsi muguta uye misha iri zvinoitirwawo kudenha pamusoro nzvimbo yenyukireya. Nokuti kuedza mune mirayiridzo iyi uye chikwata chechina payakavakwa, kuvanza boka kutadza uye zvavaikanganisa, akaita panguva yaro kuvakwa.

Usiku, April 26, 1986 tsaona panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa kwakaitika musimba chechina chairema simba chirimwa. Panguva kuedza kuti reactor, paiva maviri Kuputika simba kuti kurondedzerwa mberi ari unenviable kutapwa vezviuru vazhinji Vagari paguta Pripyat uye nzvimbo dzakapoteredza, kusanganisira guta paChernobyl. Kuputika kwakakonzerwa overheating pamusoro reactor, izvo akabvarura kubva muvharo uye kusunungura hombe yakawanda nemwaranzi mumhepo.

Zvinokonzera kuti paChernobyl tsaona

Zvinokonzera kuti paChernobyl tsaona dziri vasingabvumirani musoro nhasi, uye akaisa mberi Dzidziso dzakawanda zvakakosha uye zvachose zvakazonaka. Asi zvikonzero zviviri pachena kuitika vangazivikanwa panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa - enyika uye michina.

political zvikonzero

MuSoviet Union, hapana mubvunzo kuti akateerera zvikuru dzidzo. mumayunivhesiti Soviet kudzidza zvikuru vanonyatsokwanisa nenyanzvi muminda zvose nesayenzi uye tsika. Asi kuti kwira upward dhipuroma yakanga kukosha, kukosha kwaiva kubudirira nokudzidziswa enyika, uyewo kuvimbika kuna Party, ayo akakwirira zvinangwa. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, nzvimbo mukuru injiniya pakati paChernobyl aiva bato mushandi anoshingaira uye CEO, Nikolai Fomin, uyo aiva nyanzvi mumunda chafariz simba zvinomera, asi akanga chose harwuzivi renyukireya nesimba indasitiri. Akapotsa haana kupindira mumabasa avo pasi uye aivimba zvachose nemutevedzeri wake Dyatlov, vakagadzwa kuti chinzvimbo ichi mugore iri paChernobyl tsaona. Dyatlov aiva masayendisiti ane ruzivo yenyukireya, asi akasvika Pripyat zvakananga kuti kuitisa zvinofadza hurumende kuedza pamwe reactor kuti Raiva Rakaoma Zvikuru usiku. Fomin pachake apo akarara murugare pamubhedha wake.

Uye Woodpeckers, uye Fomin, uye mutungamiriri paChernobyl chimwe chinangwa zvakafanana - kuti afarirwe utungamiriri hwake bato kukwira kumusoro kukwira upward. A omurume Dyatlov, aibatsira naye kudzorwa mukamuri munguva kuedza, muchiziva dzingangomuka manipulations pamwe reactor, vachitya kusateerera mirairo yake pakarepo Vakuru, sezvo tikatyisidzirwa kudzingwa zvenyukireya masayendisiti kutamira noushamwari Pripyat, apo kutonhora guta mabhomba masayendisiti kuSiberia.

Saka, chimwe chikonzero chikuru nei tsaona yakaitika panguva paChernobyl rakanga, kune rumwe rutivi, kuti kuregeredza yevatungamiriri chirimwa Kutarisira, uye pane dzimwe - yokusaziva kuti oita mudonzvo kuramba kutevedza zvakajeka ngozi nemafungiro zvakanaka.

Technical chikonzero

Sezvambotaurwa, pausiku tsaona panguva simba chirimwa kuedza chaiitirwa varayirwa Moscow pacharo. chinangwa Technical ari kuedza kwaiva aite rimwe shutdown zvakakwana chiutsi turbines uye simba kuenda magetsi kubva emagetsi yakaderera simba nokushanda reactor. Saka, muna dzidziso zvinokwanisika kudzivisa nemwaranzi vhinza panguva kubhomba of renyukireya simba chirimwa, mberi Magetsi kwenguva yakati.

Nokuti kuedza zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kuderedza reactor simba 700 megawatts. Asi muitiro achideredza reactor simba akadonha anenge zvachose. Maererano mirayiridzo zvenyukireya mainjiniya vaisungirwa kumisa reactor zvachose, uye chete ipapo kutanga zvakare. Asi Dyatlov kuda zvakasimba zvabuda, saka akarayira mainjiniya ake kuratidza zvose kudzorwa tsvimbo kubva reactor, kuitira kudzora simba, nokudaro vachikonzera ayo unopinza vanomutswa. Zvisinei, kuremara mu pakuvaka reactor kwakaguma kuti sensors kutonga tsvimbo haana kubviswa tembiricha kuverengwa kubva pasi reactor, sezvamakaropafadzwa pashure achibvisa tsvimbo tembiricha vakatanga kumuka nehasha.

Asingazivi ichi, kufunga kuverengwa ivo, vakapfuurira kuedza inokwana megawatts 200 (zvinopesana 700 zvakakodzera) uye kumisa turbine. Nokupesvedzera mukuru-tembiricha mvura nokukurumidza Ipwa, uye reactor akatanga overheat zvinoshamisa, asi mainjiniya akadzidza nezvazvo kunonoka, kana mushandi akaona sei chiutsi anosimudza kuzvidzora pematanda.

Achiziva ngozi yacho ezvinhu, Dyatlov akasarudza mberi kune pakaita zvinoderedza reactor simba. Zvazviri, izvi zvinoreva zvose kunonyanyisa kunyudza vose kuzvidzora tsvimbo. In dzidziso, izvi zvinofanira kutungamirira akurumidze kuderera reactor tembiricha, asi mainjiniya haufaniri kufunga kuti pamicheto yehombodo matanda pamwe bromine ndiko graphite, riri pakutanga muchidimbu anosimudza tembiricha iri reactor. Uye sezvo tsvimbo akatura panguva, kuti reactor tembiricha ndokumuka kusvika panguva kagumi, zvichiguma reactor kumira kufurirwa uye raputika.

Saka hwokugadzira zvinokonzera kuti paChernobyl tsaona chokuita reactor kutadza pakurigadzira, uyewo kukanganisa kwevanhu uye kutyora mitemo.

Kubvisa vanhu nezvainoita kupima

Sezvo paChernobyl tsaona kwakaitika usiku, ari kunyatsoongorora acho vakatanga chete mangwanani musi wa27 April. Pamberi vemoto shoma takaendeswa kuchaitwa moto kunobva kuputika. Pashure kuongorora pemvura uye kuyera padanho nemwaranzi mudenga, yakanga vanopfuura 120 x-mwaranzi (pamwero anosvika 20), zvakava pachena kudiwa kubvisa.

Panguva iyoyo vanhu pamutemo nezvokudzokera nezvokukosha vanomboenda tizai kumaguta pedyo Kyiv nharaunda. Zvadaro hapana haana kuziva kwakakura chii chakaitika. Guta nzvimbo kubvisa dzave kuzivikanwa, yakanga yaiswa ose omumaguta bhazi rengarava. Vanhu anobviswa nokukurumidza, saka vagari dzakamanikidzwa kusiya zvose zvavo kuburikidza nokutendeseka basa mudzimba dzavo, uye vazhinji vavo havana airambidzwa Export nokuda mukana radioactive pakusvibiswa.

Sezvo paChernobyl tsaona yakaitika kamwe kamwe, rimwe zuva, vanhu vakafirwa zvinenge zvose: basa, denga pamusoro pemisoro yazvo, ndakawana zvoutano zvakakomba, uye vazhinji mukati makore mashomanana, akafa kubva nemwaranzi kurwara, dzakarasikirwa nevadikanwi vavo. Asi nemigumisiro njodzi vaiva vakakura zvikuru Pripyat, paChernobyl uye yose nharaunda. Radiation akaenda kumavirira, kumutsa kuti mwaranzi kumashure muna Belarus uye Central Europe. Kuwedzera pamwero nemwaranzi kunyange akanyunyuta Sweden. Asi kwete ose mugari Pripyat uye dzakapoteredza nemisha andisiya ane chirwere nzvimbo. Vamwe Vagari, zvakasimba kuva kuda kwake yechizvarigo, vakaramba mudzimba dzavo. vanhu ava vaifanira kuona Zvakashatira simba renyukireya.

tsaona kubviswa

Pasinei kubvisa, siya reactor chaibwinya chinouraya nemwaranzi, zvakanga zvisingaiti sezvo paine, uyezve, zvachose kumisa paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa pakarepo mushure tsaona yakanga zvachose hazviiti. Saka, boka liquidators dzakaumbwa kuti zvibviswe nemigumisiro.

The liquidators of paChernobyl tsaona zvakanyorwa nokuzvidira. Pakati pavo paiva zvose Emergency Zvinozivikanwa Ushumiri uye muchiuto, kusanganisira chiuto, uye hanya zvavo. Vezvenhau Soviet kutepfenyurwa pamusoro kuchengeteka uye simba chipo yenyukireya, akaudza kuti aizomuroora. Panguva iyoyo, vanhu vasingazivi simba renyukireya, kwete kuziva ngozi yacho, nokuti iri liquidators of paChernobyl tsaona vakanga nokuzvidira, achida zvechokwadi kuti kubatsira vanhu vomunyika yake.

Chete ipapo vakaziva sei zvakaipa vasanyanya utano hwake. Mumwe kukoshesa raiva vazadze reactor liquidators. Somugumisiro, vakakomba reactor liquidators mauto sarcophagus yakavakwa, waiva kumisa mberi kupararira nemwaranzi uye kupa tariro kuti kamwe chete paChernobyl nharaunda achava kamwe zvakare kuva inogarwa.

Liquidators vakagamuchira nemwaranzi dose akauraya vanhu vazhinji kwemakore akawanda. Vamwe vanova akaremara, vanoda kugara kurapwa zvinodhura. First Liquidators mangoti basa ravo akatumwa nendege kuMoscow panguva Institute nemwaranzi kurwara, chete panguva iyoyo muSoviet Union. Vamwe liquidators, Ngavabatwe sangano iri, vakanunurwa. Vamwe vakagamuchira hurumende ndokupa muchimiro pensions uye zvinobatsira, uye vanochengetwa yakazvimirira kuUkraine nhasi.

Migumisiro yacho tsaona kune paChernobyl nharaunda: kusikwa achisiya mapazi

Zvakazokonzerwa paChernobyl tsaona vaiva nemafashamo. All paChernobyl kudunhu Kyiv nharaunda zvakazivikanwa sezvo kukodzera ugaro, saka kuti akanga kubviswa uye hwakatamisirwa chepasi of Ivankov kudunhu Kyiv nharaunda. Nzvimbo paChernobyl akanzi wenyika vakaparadzana. On kumigwagwa kuti nzvimbo dzakanga akamisa motokari, uye pakupedzisira ndima pachayo noruzhowa kuidzivirira kubva nenhubu.

About achisiya mapazi kune makuhwa zhinji uye ngano, vakaridza dzakawanda nzira zvinokonzera tsaona pa simba renyukireya miti. PaChernobyl mapazi kupfuura kamwe akashanyira nzvimbo pfungwa vanyori, vatori venhau uye creators mitambo yepakombiyuta. Uye chabva kukwezvwa Photographers senzvimbo tsaona panguva chirimwa. Photos of nzvimbo idzi, vakaitwa postapokapalipticheskom Style Akakwezva hanya.

The dzidziso yokuti paChernobyl mapazi rine zvakavanzika yakavigwa nehurumende, pane nhasi, pasinei nokuti kudzorwa kupinda mapazi haisi saka zvakaoma, uye muna paChernobyl mune chepamutemo nzvimbo excursions.

Vashanyi vanobva munyika dzakasiyana chinokwezva guta Pripyat, ndiro guta-Museum, izvo ndakadaro Soviet nguva mukupera eighties. Kubvira ipapo, izvozvo anoshandura chinhu. Woods pedyo paChernobyl, vava pristine, yakava nzvimbo waunofarira vavhimi. A mazambiringa paChernobyl (NPP tsaona sezvarakangoita zvishoma) Vanhu vanenge gumi vakadzoka kumisha yavo.

Mukuru akanga dzinonakidza kuti tsaona panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa. Firimu "kungozvifunga", filmed muna Ukraine muna 2013, ava Nyanzvi chaiwo mabhaisikopo, iyo rinobvumira Fafitera kunyika munyika manzwiro evanhu, rwakabatwa rinopfungaira zviitiko panguva iyoyo.

Migumisiro yacho tsaona yose nyika. World pachena maitiro

Kudzosera kubvisa zvakakonzera irretrievable kurasikirwa echokwadi tsika paChernobyl nharaunda, ane vagari asiya kwete chete munzvimbo Kiev nharaunda, asiwo munyika. The Soviet Union akamanikidzwa afungezve mafungiro avo kuti simba renyukireya ayo kushandiswa kwakapararira. Uyewo, vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti zvakazokonzerwa paChernobyl tsaona kunge vasanyanya chiremera hurumende mumaziso vanhu.

Nyika, kunyanya capitalist, voruzhinji, politicized nokuda Hondo Yemashoko, akaratidza. Kutsutsumwa yakakura muSoviet Union Address chokuita nokuwedzera zvayo radioactivity Vezvenhau Western dzakanga dzizere nyaya pamusoro utsinye yeSoviet kutungamirira hurumende, kuti migumisiro tsaona pa simba renyukireya miti - mugumisiro pakavanda kuedza, kuti chokwadi zvakanga zvisiri zvokuti kure chokwadi. Kunyanya zvikuru kurwisa Soviet Union akaratidza Japan, masayendisiti Soviet akadana vaGiriki, vasingagoni kuvimbwa simba renyukireya. Zvichida wenhau akanyora nyaya ino yakadzokororwa maonero ake pashure Fukushima tsaona.

Tsaona Major panguva renyukireya simba miti munyika

Kunyange zvazvo paChernobyl nenjodzi uye kunoonekwa sechinhu tsaona huru panguva renyukireya simba miti munyika, kwaivawo nevamwe haidereri zvakakomba chiitiko.

The tsaona pana Three Mile Island

Mumakore manomwe tsaona asati chakaitika panguva paChernobyl simba renyukireya chirimwa, 28 March 1979 tsaona renyukireya kwakaitika muUnited States, simba chirimwa Three Mile Island, riri mu Pennsylvania. Panguva iyoyo, tsaona ichi kwainzi makuru munyika. nemwaranzi leakage kwakaitika nokuda maari nechisimba nokupisa mutopota chikwata.

Pasinei kwakakura tsaona panguva chirimwa, hurumende mamiriro haana kuita kumanikidzwa kubvisa, sezvo isina vaiona tsaona ine ngozi. Zvisinei, vana nevakadzi vane pamuviri vachiri vakayambira kuti vanomboenda kusiya guta pedyo Garisberg. Chaizvoizvo kubva mumigwagwa pedyo kuti NPP varume vakasiya pachavo nokuda kwokutya radioactive mwaranzi.

Simba rekugadzirira simba renyukireya reTree Mile Island harina kumisa basa rayo uye rinoenderera kushanda nhasi, iro ndiro guru guru reAmerica.

Fukushima ngozi

Nzvimbo yechipiri muhuwandu hwemigumisiro (mushure mekuitika kwekambani yeChernobyl) yengozi iri muFukushima magetsi enyukireya iri kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kweJapan. Dambudziko racho rakaitika musi waMarch 11, 2011. Somugumisiro wekudengenyeka kwenyika kwakasimba kwemashoko gumi nematanhatu paRichter scale , mamita gumi nemasere tsunami akasimuka, mafungu ayo akazara masimba eFukushima-1. Izvi zvakakonzera kukanganisa kweiyo inotonhorera yehutano uye yakatungamirira kune huwandu hweHyrojeni kuputika mukati maro.

Njodzi iri paFukushima magetsi enyukireya yakakonzera kukonzera kukuru kwemhepo, iyo inopetwa ka20 pane imwe yeChernobyl. Vanenge 30 000 vanhu vakagamuchira kupiswa kwemhepo. Zvechokwadi, izvi zvaingova kungofanana nekusvika panguva yakagadzwa nehurumende dzeJapan uye kugadzirira kwemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma apo mamiriro akaipisisa akadzivirirwa, chii chakaita chakaitika muna 1986 paChernobyl nuclear power plant. Kunyange zvakadaro, maererano nekufanotaurwa kwevadzidzisi, makore makumi maviri anofanira kutora zvisati zvaitika mushure mokunge njodzi yacho isisina kukwana. Dambudziko racho harina kuitika kuJapan chete, asiwo kumadokero kwegungwa reUnited States, umo, mazuva mashomanana mushure mekuputika, kwaivawo nekuwedzera mumaruva emhepo.

MuJapan, sezvakaitwa muU.SA, kupukunyuka kwakanga kusiri kuitwa, sekushandiswa kwemazuva ano masimba ekuchengetedza masimba enyukireya kunobvumira kukurumidza kuona nzvimbo yekubuda, kudzivirira kushandurwa kwemaguta ose mumasango asina chinhu. Asi zvisinei, Japan yaifanira kubatanidza nehuwandu hwemazuva ano muzvokudya, mvura uye mhepo munzvimbo yeFukushima, iri pedyo nehutachiona hwekukurumidza. Nzira dzehutsanana dzehutachiona hwemashizha dzakawanda dzakashandurwa nekuda kwekuti zvakanga zvisiri nyore kuvatevedzera.

Hapana mubvunzo kuti, yenyukireya ine simba risingadhuri uye inovimbisa, asi kushanda kwemasimba enyukireya kunoda kuwedzera kukuchengetedza, sezvo zvikonzero zvezviitiko pamagetsi enyukireya zvinogona kunge zvisina kutarisirwa. Asi kunyange kana zvose zvaidiwa zvichisangana, hapana anovimbisa kuti kusaregererwa kweumwe munhu kana kunyadziswa kwezvakasikwa hakuzokonzeri njodzi. Uye migumisiro yezviitiko pamiti yemagetsi enyukiresi inofanira kubviswa kwemakore anopfuura gumi. Nokudaro, kunyange nanhasi pfungwa dzakanakisisa dzenyika dzirikufunga nezvekugadzira mamwe masimba emagetsi enyukireya ane simba.