Mafashamo chiitiko. Pasvika vanhu voruzhinji pamusoro yedambudziko

Zvinofanira kutanga tsanangudzo mafashamo. It is aqueous kutotanga muoti rwizi. Ichi nenguva dzirikure pfupi-rokuti Kumutsa mvura pamwero nomunzizi, izvo zviri kukonzerwa yakasimba kunyunguduka mazitombo echando, chando, mijenya pamusoro mvura.

Musiyano mukuru pakati mukuru mvura kubva mafashamo - nguva kuwanika dzinoti - chero nguva yegore. mafashamo zhinji kunogona kutungamirira mafashamo. Nokufamba ayo rwokufamba mafashamo mafungu inoumbwa parwizi.

The Flood Hazard?

Vari sechinhu nyaya National kukosha, sezvo iri nguva zvaitika akawanda zana namagariro makiromita ne / kurima nyika, zviuru hozpostroek nerimwe gore vari pangozi imwe yemafashame. Kana njodzi hazvigoni zvikuru kushora yazvino uye kufambira mberi mune zvesayenzi, migumisiro yacho inogona kukonzera yakawanda kukuvara zvinhu, kunyange kurasikirwa neupenyu.

mafashamo kudzivirirwa

Natural, kusunungurwa, dzinongoitika nzira yokudzivirira havakwanisi kuti tidzivise mutsika mvura. Kuti ave nechokwadi vakachengeteka ndima dziri nzvimbo zvinogona mafashamo, shandisa zvemarudzi ose mazano zvinogona kutadzisa nayo.

Zvinotevera mafashamo kudzivirira:

1. Rusvingo System.
2. Sangano nembiya kuti vanochengeta mvura.
3. Kuvaka madhamu.

Dzakanyorwa Zvivako - chinhu chinokosha pamusoro kwezvivako, yepanyama landscape, Zurich.

Nechipiriso mafashamo zviitiko inosanganisira chinokosha zvemari inivhesitimendi. Nezvenyaya iyi, nguva dzose ichingori kukamura uchishandisa nyaya pamusoro kutsvaka pakati mhinduro dambudziko iri, izvo zvaizoita nokubatanidza operative kunyatsoshanda pamwe upfumi zvinobatsira. Optimum muenzaniso - kumiririra dowels. Kushandiswa kwavo kunoita kuti pave kugara kudzivirira njodzi dzakadai mafashamo, apo kuramba pristine nzvimbo (kura hurongwa vasipo).

Mafashamo kudzivirirwa: Zviyero

Under izvi ezvinhu, chikuru basa vose wevakuru vehurumende uye nemakanzuru kuzvitonga, uye vanhuwo zvavo dzekushumira, njodzi - kudzivirira (kurerutsa) migumisiro mafashamo, kuona kudzivirira zvose vemo uye zvinokosha zvivako zvoupfumi.

Mafashamo kudzivirirwa kunoitwa nokugamuchira matanho akakodzera, izvo rakakamurwa hwokugadzira (chokudzivirira) uye kushanda (okukurumidzira). Ekupedzisira kazhinji regai zvinetso zvose, vanofanira kuitwa pamwe chete michina. Ekupedzisira vane chokudzivirira hunhu. To dzika navo vanofanira kufambisa design, kuvakwa Special zvivako, izvo zvinosanganisira zvinokosha zvinhu mari.

Technical matanho kuti mafashamo kudzora

Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• yerera mutemo porwizi;
• obvalivanie;
• Mafashamo mvura nzira yokubudisa;
• dredging, kuswatura kwerwizi mibhedha;
• murau spillways eko;
• kuvakwa chaiyo hydropower zvivako;
• tikadzivisa kuvaka munzvimbo vaifungidzirwa mafashamo;
• zvekufuga, nezvimwewo zastraivaemogo mugove.

Takambosangana mabasa aya munyika yedu yaratidza kuti akavimbika kupfuura kudzivirira nzvimbo (floodplain) kuti nzizi uyewo chinokosha zvoupfumi mugumisiro zvinogona kuwanika chete nokushandisa zvizere-siyana mabasa: matanho okuchengetedza vanoshingaira (mutemo eko), pusa (ruslouglublenie, obvalivanie uye pr.).

Zvinhu nekufemera pakusarudza nzira yokudzivirira

Pane zvinenge nhanhatu:

• ari hydraulic hurumende norwizi;
• geotechnical, hydrogeological mamiriro;
• nzvimbo kwezvoupfumi zvivako, pasi mafashamo;
• kwakaita nzvimbo yacho;
• Kuwanikwa engineering hurongwa rwakazara bani uye mutsetse (madhamu, migwagwa, madhamu, mabhiriji, intakes, etc ..).

nzvimbo Key kushanda pasi kutyisidzira mafashamo

Ivo:

1. Analysis zvinhu pamwe vasabatwa manyuko vakafanotaura yokunyatsochengeta nguva mafashamo.
2. Assessment of yekuita kutambudzwa mafashamo.
3. Development zviyero kuzvidzivisa.
4. Planning, kugadzirira kununura kuvhiyiwa pamusoro munharaunda vanonzi mafashamo.
5. Kuita Anti-mafashamo matanho.

Kakawanda, pane nhanho dzose kusarudza nehurumende dzematunhu wakaumba mafashamo basa, chairmen avo kazhinji ndivo 1st mutevedzeri vakuru Administration.

kwemafashame Commission

Vari pasi mungozi mafashamo kushanda standby nzira. makomisheni aya zvidzidzo zvinotevera mafashamo dziviriro:

1. Round wachi richiona yemafashamo zvinomboitika mapazi basa vasiyana pambiru uchishandisa Roshydromet pachake zvaanorumbidza.
2. Kuramba kugara pakukurukurirana, kuti kupanana ruzivo pamwe Commission kunjodzi, operative basa rehurumende dzekushumira, njodzi.
3. Kuitisa kudzidziswa mafashamo nyaya, sangano kudzidziswa vanhu sei kuti vazvibate, chiito munguva mafashamo kuuya.
4. Kutumira mishumo pemasimba epamusoro.
5. Kunyatsotsanangura, kutsiura protivopavodnyh urongwa hwezvekuita, yakavakirwa yemamiriro ezvinhu.
6. Zvichienderana chisarudzo romusoro sangano yomunharaunda hurumende inoitwa pabasa kunhivi wachi kununura kuedza, mari.
7. Kugadzirisa nzvimbo kwenguva pfupi Resettlement vagari vane dzimba dzakanga ruzere, vakaparadza sangano yokurovedza kwezvirongwa zvivako (makirabhu, zvikoro), tende yechibharo mumba evacuees mavari.
8. Kunotangwa vatize.
9. Inopa nokuti evacuees dzose zvakakodzera.
10. Kufambisa pamwe miganhu miviri Russian Interior Ushumiri, yeko pamusoro kudzivirira pfuma, raiva nemafashamo nzvimbo.
11. Sangano wachi kuchengeta vachiongorora mvura pamwero kuchinja zvinyorwa zvose mafashamo.
12. Kubatanidzwa sangano, midziyo detours panzvimbo nemafashamo migwagwa.
13. Kudzora kusimbisa kare kuvakwa madhamu obvalivany, pakuvaka vatsva.
14. Sangano, kwerunyararo nekuita chete Russian Ministry of Defense, Ministry of Internal Affairs yeRussia Mapoka Roshydromet, All Russian Disaster Medicine Service.

Alerting yevagari: zvazviri, modes kuti hutachiwana

Sezvo kuita chinhu nyasha zvashata panowanikwa kutya pakati yevagari. Kufungidzira migumisiro yakadaro mafungiro pakati guru guru chavagari zvakaoma chaizvo, ivo kusimbisa Migumisiro yakaipa njodzi.

Kuderedza navo, uye sangano zvinhu zvainanga kuunza zvokurarama nazvo vanhu, kwezvivako, nemisha okuzvidzivirira akatanga zvitange pachine, uye zvinofanira paakaudza pamusoro pavo.

Pasvika vanhu voruzhinji pamusoro yedambudziko - nyevero yacho raiva nechokuita mafashamo (kudengenyeka, dondo moto, etc ..), Kupfuudzwa kwemashoko pamusoro tsaona, njodzi. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, kushandisa huripo zvinoreva zvose the wired redhiyo uye terevhizheni kukurukurirana.

In nyika yedu zvachakapararira zvakakwana inoshanda Broadcasting Network. Broadcasting zvidzidzo zvinowanikwa mumaguta ose, maguta makuru. Vanopfuura hafu emakambani, masangano dzidzo s / s zvinhu vari yomunharaunda kutepfenyura centre. Aya nechimwe kwegadziriro miganhu dzakapoteredza, National terevhizheni nzvimbo, repeaters, uye nemakanzuru nhepfenyuro zvechitima simba.

Pasvika vanhu voruzhinji pamusoro yedambudziko zvinoberekwa sirens, waya nhepfenyuro network kutepfenyurwa kwemaminitsi 2-3.

Okutanga inoitirwa kutumira chiratidzo "Hanya zvose!" Population. chiratidzo ichi anokwezvwa vanhu afunge kudiwa kuteerera mimwe zvinokosha, nechimbichimbi akasvinurira anonongedzera kuti GO. Rinotora hapana zvinopfuura 165 seconds.

Chinangwa ichi, rinogona kushandiswa uye miridzo motokari indasitiri. Uyewo rinoreva zvikuru inobudirira alerting vanhu yaiva kunze musha - Outdoor vakurukuri.

Rural Settlement: mafashamo kudzivirira matanho

Most mafashamo kwemvura, mafashamo zvinobvira kufungidzira, kuderedza marwadzo kubva kwavari. Kwaizvozvi, zvinotevera mafashamo zviitiko kumaruwa:

• akasika mafashamo Komiti anofanira kuongorora madhamu, weirs, zvose zvemarudzi vasiri inouraya zvombo;
• Rinotaurawo inozivisa pachena raiva nechokuita mungozi;
• kana zvakafanira, mafashamo Commission deploys ouinjiniya (somuenzaniso, akavaka embankment, kuchera chaiyo abudise migero, etc.);
• izvozvo chinotsanangura nzira kubvisa.

Construction site: mafashamo kudzivirira matanho

A mafashamo kuti pave kununura kununura zvikwata anoshandiswa, izvo vakapakata achishandisa flotation. Ivo vakaperekedza kundotsvaka vanobatwa, avo akabatwa mafashamu rokufambira, achivapa rwekutanga, bvisa navo ngozi nzvimbo. Iye zvino zvinoita kuti kufanotaura kutanga yemafashame nguva, unhu hwake, uye ipapo kuronga zvakafanira matanho okudzivirira.

All mafashamu kudzora matanho ari yokuvakira zvinofanira yatinowana magadzirirwo padariro rokuvaka imwe chinhu. It akavaka madhamu, pfupi inokosha fence jumper nokuda mberi kuvaka huru muzvivako pane imwe nguva. Nokuti mumwe musoro nomumwe wakaiswa nzvimbo basa. Zvinofanira kuitwa wachi richiona mvura chikwidzo.

Size mari kuti mafashamo kudzivirirwa wakagarira pachishandiswa dzakananga Data chaienzanirana chirongwa pakuvaka. Pakadaro, kana uchida kuita mafashamo kudzora matanho ari yokuvakira, mari kuti zvinangwa izvi chichasimbiswa pahwaro mutengo nokufungidzira kuvaka zvinhu.