Zvizvarwa kodzero dzevanhu: pfungwa

Nhasi anoonekwa kuti kodzero nemhando dzerusununguko womunhu: .. Kodzero kushanda, kuti vazorore, kuti dzidzo, rwokunamata, etc. Vamwe vavo vari muboka kodzero "rwokuzvarwa". Zviri kodzero upenyu, mukana wokudzidzisa vana vavo uye zvichingodaro. Asi zvakanga zvisiri nguva dzose. In vanosvika 400-500 apfuura kuti ichangobva nemitemo munhoroondo yevanhu, musi uyu vazhinji vaigona chete kufungidzira. Human-shanduka kubva "kutaura maturusi" nenzira yakasununguka uye akazvimirira munhu kwakaitika pamusoro zvizvarwa zvitatu kodzero dzevanhu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo dzinoratidzwa idzva, Qualitative kuchinja mumagakava marongerwo. Chokwadi kuti chizvarwa chino kodzero dzevanhu huchakurukurwa.

Wokutanga kutaurwa

Chokutanga, sezvo kune uyo kutanga zvinganaka pfungwa. Kekutanga zvakabayirwa kusvika shanduka kwenzanga rakakamurwa zvizvarwa zvitatu kodzero dzevanhu mu 1979 muStrasbourg, panguva International Institute of Human Rights. Pfungwa kuisa mberi muCzech jurist Karel Fazak.

yokungotaura garo

Generation kodzero dzevanhu - chinhu hazvizivi pfungwa iri sayenzi evanhu. Hapana "egged" Mutemo waro pasi payo. Hwaro zvose vatatu masirogani rechiFrench Revolution: Liberty, Kuenzana, Fraternity. The Declaration French the Rights uye Norusununguko akava yokungotaura hwaro dzimwe nyika Europe uye America. Kwakadaro Pfungwa imwe akaisa mberi kwayo US Declaration of Independence, vazhinji mugovanisi uye pfungwa yoMushandirapamwe vakatorawo pfungwa iyi sepokutangira ezvematongerwo hondo.

chizvarwa chokutanga kodzero dzevanhu ( "mutemo yebhuruu")

chizvarwa chokutanga kunozivikanwa zvose pasocial masayendisiti, magweta, vanyori venhau dzakaitika. Rinobatanidzwa yokungotaura kunzwisisa kwenzanga uye zvakasikwa kodzero enyika uye nerusununguko :

• kodzero upenyu;
• pamusoro rwokunamata;
• kodzero kuvhota;
• kodzero vose kubatanidzwa mune upenyu enyika munyika;
• yakaenzanirana kururamisira hurongwa;
• kuti vakasununguka basa uye zvichingodaro. d.

Nhasi, misimboti iyi sokuti pedu dzinongoitika, zvinonzwisisika. Kana vari kuputswa, tingangozviisa kutanga kwazvo achiudza vanhu nehanya, achinyora zvichemo, onana nhepfenyuro kuparadzira kutyora paIndaneti. Dzimwe nguva izvi zvinotungamirira ruzha resignations, zvinonyadzisa achifumura. Asi haana nguva dzose. 4-5 chete emakore akapfuura, vanhu vazhinji vasingagoni kufungidzira kuti pakuzvarwa zvose akaenzana. Zvaidavirwa kuti mauto yakakwirira oga kuona njodzi. Enda pamusoro nheyo paruzhinji - Mwari akatsamwa kwazvo. Kusvikira ikozvino, tsika iyi zvinoratidzwa ngano. Tinogona kuyeuka tsumo dzedu, "apo iye akazvarirwako uye batsira", "kuteerera kunokunda umwari", "Usati pamberi mweya dzakawanda", etc. Ivo pakutanga akavamba netsika kusaruramisira hwezvisikwa ...

Pokuwa yekare

Traditional jira zvemagariro rakaparadzwa zvinotevera kuzivisa:

• Magna Carta.
• Chirungu Bill Kwekodzero.
• The Declaration French the Rights uye Norusununguko.
• The Bill of Rights of United States of America.
• United States Declaration of Independence.

All magwaro aya nhoroondo vaiva kushanda yomunharaunda pachiyero, zvinoumba hwaro yepamutemo zviridzwa dzakawanda. Pfungwa zvizvarwa zvitatu kodzero dzevanhu, uye akazviratidza kuonga mitemo pamusoro. Kunyange zvazvo vari kwenguva refu tisina mamiriro paruzhinji gwaro. Hazvizivikanwi kuti kutanga dzidziso zvizvarwa kodzero dzevanhu, kana munhau vakashanduka Muchiitiko zvakasiyana: States of America angadai vakarasikirwa hondo kuti rusununguko, uye simba hwoumambo France yaizova noutsinye akakurira echimurenga zviito. Zvisinei, isu tinotenda kuti vanhu vachange kusvikwa kuti hurongwa evanhu anenge akabuda nhasi. Uye nhasi, mune dzimwe nyika kune reactionary masimba kuti vari kuedza kumisa kukura pfungwa dzevanhu. Asi kukudziridza vaifanira mumwe parudzi kwevanhu. The Genesisi kodzero uye rusununguko zvishoma nezvishoma kuchienderera mberi.

Current dzakawanda pamutemo dzemunharaunda

Kubva pakutanga-chizvarwa kuzivisa akasimbisa ano mutemo international:

• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights muna 1948.
• The Sungano International iri Civil uye Enyika Kodzero 1966.
• The European Convention on Human Rights muna 1953.

chizvarwa chechipiri kodzero dzevanhu ( "dzvuku kurudyi")

chizvarwa chechipiri chiri kuzivikanwa zvinenge zvose pasocial masayendisiti. Pfungwa iyi inoreva kuti zviitiko mushure Second World War. Pakave akoromoke wokudzora, pamusoro kudzvinyirirwa dzimwe ndudzi pamusoro pevamwe. Muvanhu vachishingaira vakava kwakapararira zveupfumi nemagariro kodzero.

Kusiyana rokutanga chizvarwa chechipiri

Group nevamwe zviri chizvarwa chokutanga kodzero dzevanhu uye yechipiri muchimiro patafura:

Economic kusaruramisira anobvisa enyika kodzero

Muzana remakore rechi20, kodzero enyika uye dzinongoitika pamutemo kuremekedzwa. Zvisinei, havana rakaparadza mamwe Misiyano: zveupfumi. Izvi zvaireva kuti vanhu vaiva nekodzero upenyu, hapana aiva nekodzero kuuraya mumugwagwa somuranda, kuti zvakaitika kare zhinji slaveholding inoti. Asi pakanga pasina kuenzana ari zveupfumi kodzero. Somuenzaniso, muzvipatara vamwe vanhu vakaramba rubatsiro rwekutanga muzvikoro, vakawanda havana kodzero yokugamuchira dzidzo, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Chimbofunga mamiriro ezvinhu Kumutungamiriri chikoro matunhu neminisiparati akatanga zvokusarudza kubvumira kuti basa panguva yaro chete kungwara vaya vane kodzero kuchikoro. Zvino ichi sokudaro, asi makore 50-100 chete apfuura zvakanga vasingambooni chakaipa nazvo. Education uye utano kwainzi hwomutambarakede, mabasa zvinodhura, izvo zvisingagoni kubhadhara vanhu vose. zvino unogona kureva kuti pane muripo zvipatara, zvikoro zvedzidzo, izvo vasiri kutenga akawanda. To ichi isu vanopindura kuti dzidzo uye utano mitemo zvakafanana vose. Zvakasiyana chete mubasa, tinning, kwekunze kuratidzwa.

The yokungotaura hwaro nezera wechipiri

Chizvarwa chechipiri kunobva zvinotevera pamutemo zviridzwa dzakawanda:

• Sungano International musi Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
• Second Bill Kwekodzero Roosevelt.
• The European Social Charter.

Chizvarwa chechipiri kodzero dzevanhu rinonzi kodzero "tsvuku". Ivo hake Hurumende kuzadzikisa dzinokosha zvavanofanira kuita vagari vose vari munzanga bhora, zveutano, dzidzo uye zvichingodaro. D.

"Green Rights" - kukura munhu seboka yeruramisiro

Chizvarwa chechitatu kodzero dzevanhu ari conventionally inonzi "kodzero manyoro". Kusiyana nevamwe vaviri, vari sayenzi inotaura mashoma izvozvo. Vakawanda pfungwa dzevanhu ane paanogumira kumarudzi maviri. Zvisinei, vakawanda havabvumirani navo. Ngationgororei nenharo dzavo.

Kufambira mberi mberi

Saka, rudzi dzevanhu nerusununguko, nguva imwe neimwe kupa kuchinja itsva Qualitative pachena kuziva. Kana rudzi yokutanga ndiyo huru dzinongoitika uye enyika kodzero, rechipiri - magariro uye zvoupfumi, ari wechitatu - paumbwe seboka kodzero. Hapana kusimbisa chero nzvimbo zvikuru. Nyaya yokudana proposes kutanga zvakarurama zvikwata zvose munzvimbo munzanga.

Zvinonzi papfungwa yokuti munhu oga haagoni kudzivirira kodzero dzavo voga. Zvakafanira kuti ibatane. Mushure Second World War nayo yakatanga masangano pachena: zvokutengeserana mibatanidzwa, masangano evanhu, mapato.

Kunyange Makambani mari yakakura kusika mubatanidzwa: vagadziri, truckers, varimi. Vavariro vose ndiro: kutungamirira zviito zvavo ngozi.

Vakabatana guru mibatanidzwa kubudikidza bhizimisi uye hurumende. Somuenzaniso, nyika kwekurasira mafuta-zvai- weOPEC nechinangwa yokukudziridza zvakafanana mitemo pamusoro pamusika.

Kana guru rinoti makambani kusika seboka kuchengeteka, munhu wacho zvikuru vaifanira vabatane kudzivirira zvavo pamwe zvavanofarira.

Liberals havabvumirani maonero ichi. Vanodavira kuti aifanira kudzivirira mumwe nomumwe, uye ipapo chikwata seboka achachengetwa. chinzvimbo ichi ose zuva rotsva. Muzana remakore rechi20, kutamburira dzevanhu kwave chokuita nechitendero, ruvara rweganda, maonero enyika, basa, kusiyiwa tsika tsika dzemhuri, muchato uye zvichingodaro .. In kuguma zvinonzwisiswa kuti chete seboka kudzivirira anokwanisa kudzivirira kodzero wacho.

zvabuda

Taiongorora rudzi kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko. To muchidimbu. To musi, nzanga yedu haigoni kuwana pakati pasi. Nguva dzose kodzero mumwe munhu kunotungamirira kutyora kodzero mumwe. Modern kusangana pezvakaitwa mu Europe mukazvizarurira pachena dambudziko iri mutemo wokubvumira. budiriro Western chinoenda kuburikidza zvikuru nguva dzakaoma. All zvinhu iye akarwa, akaratidza basa iri pachiso itsva nezvengozi - ugandanga uye kutama. Zvakakwana kuyeuka nyaya panyaya dzepabonde muBerlin kubhombiwa muParis. Izvi nokuti chinyakare East asinganzwisisi kufambira mberi West. Zvakafanira zvingaitwa: kana kudzivirirwa kubva East, kana kugamuchira tsika dzayo. Norupo nohurongwa chinhu chakanaka hakuna chakaita, saka kuti vanotama kukurumidza kutanga "kurova" ari vokuEurope zvakafanana: .. To kudana nokuda rusununguko rwokufamba, kushivirirana, wakaenzana basa ukama.