Bill Kwekodzero

History anoziva yakawanda zvinyorwa, kusaina iyo kwakakanganisa marudzi ose. Zvinokosha pakati izvi uri zvikwereti shoma, wakasainwa England uye United States, iyo dzichakurukurwa.

Bill mu England

Bill of Rights 1689 - munhu yepamutemo chiito, iro rakagamuchirwa nehurumende yeBritain uye kwakakwidibira kukanganiswa nenzira kukura umambo yeparamende munyika. Akava pamutemo kutaura ari Mbiri Revolution, izvo zvakaita kubva pachigaro Akabviswa James II Stuart, chikatsiviwa namambo mutsva - Vilgelm III Oransky. Kuti tidzivise yokumukira pamusoro hurumende itsva, mambo vakabvuma kusaina of Declaration of Rights, kwakaitika February 13, 1689. Kuburikidza gwaro rino, namambo akabvuma Lords uye Commons, uye gare gare ayo hwaro rakavambwa Bill of Rights.

Bill kwakakanganisa korona uye vanhu?

zvakagadzirwa Major anotaurwa zvinyorwa chokuita nhamba masimba namambo, uye ndiani zvino aitofanira mabasa Paramende. Mambo kunyimwa mukana ubvise mitemo Paramende pamusoro marangirwo uye misa mamwe mitemo pasina mvumo yeParamende. Izvi zvakaita kuti chokwadi kuti mambo asisina ane simba kupfuura zvemitemo nharaunda, mukuwedzera, masimba aro ari nzvimbo yokururamisira akaita shoma. Takanga zvakare akatanga kwazvo kurambidzwa kubata pakati korona uye nechechi. Sezvo kupinda rehondo bhiri aiva mambo ari asingakwanisi uraire mitero iri zvinodiwa nevanhu uye kwerunyararo wehondo munguva yorugare, uye napavazhe akavharwa kuchechi munyaya. Mari inodiwa kwerunyararo youmambo uye nehondo, nguva pfupi wakamira kunze, nokuti iyo mambo akamanikidzwa dzose nguva kushandisa nokuda kwaanoita.

Chiizve zvachinja bhiri?

Uyezve, nemhaka zvakagadzirwa Paramende akagamuchira mamwe masimba. Zvino mambo aifanira kuronga ungano kwete kutapudza kamwe muna matatu mifananidzo, uye nhengo dzeParamende kugamuchira, kunyange zvimiso, asi achiri rusununguko rwokutaura. Changes dzakaitwa uye nesarudzo mutemo. The Bill Kwekodzero wairambidza kunobatanidza musarudzo vakavimbika chigaro. Mukuwedzera, gwaro akadanidzira mukana pakunamata mikumbiro, uyewo rusununguko gakava yeparamende. Mutemo mutsva inorondedzera misimboti kumiririrwa mu Paramende, iyo inofungidzirwa maererano kubhadhara mutero. Kunyange zvazvo mune chokwadi kodzero kuvhota aigona kupiwa chete guru bourgeoisie uye vakakwirira.

Bill uye matare

Special subsections of gwaro kodzero chokuita masimba dzeutongi. Vakatsunga kuti matare havagoni kushandisa kukwirira rubatso, fines kana kunyange chirango utsinye. Yakanga asisiri chepamutemo muitiro chakagadzirwa kusarudzwa vatongi, izvo zvinogona kushandiswa kuchinja mutongo wedare.

Zvisinei, ari kukwanisa vatongi nemiedzo yawedzera, rakachengetedzwa kuva zvakanaka kufunga chero kutyora aiziva nyaya hurumende. Zvisinei, izvozvo hakubvumidzwi uye kutorerwa pachake pfuma kunyange asungwa pachimirirwa vatongi mutariri. Saka, bhiri akaitirwa kurega zvokutonga vanodzvinyirirwa.

The Bill of Rights, zvisinei haana vanoti, yakananga hurumende yeparamende, uye mambo akanga achiri kodzero vasanangurwa, omudzinga vashumiri uye vatongi, uyewo kukwanisa kuungana nokusunungura paramende. Zvisinei, gwaro chaiko ndipo pakatanga of yoku- hurumende muEngland yepamutemo umambo.

The Bill of Rights, 1791

ndozvaari ndiwo 10 yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita rokutanga US Constitution, vakagamuchirwa muna 1789, izvo vakapinda simba muna 1791. Yakanga gwaro anowedzera zvikuru kodzero vanhuwo zvavo. Pamusana kwaari, vakazivisa rusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, pachaunga kuvimbika kwevanhu, rusununguko rwokunamata, uye nezvimwe postulates dzakawanda dzinokosha. Gwaro iri rakava rinokosha chakachinja munhoroondo idzva wehurumende, iyo yakapa pachake enyika kodzero uye rusununguko vanhu vari US. Bill of Rights akakwanisa kugumisa mhedziso simba namambo uye hurumende, dzakanga zvakajairika chaizvo panguva mangwanani Middle Ages muEurope uye mune nguva absolutism.

Background chinyorwa

The chikuru zvokudya bhiri idzva zvaibva gwaro iri sezvo ari Magna Carta, yakasainwa muna UK muna 1215, kuburikidza icho yekudyidzana ichikutadzisa mukana wamambo. Anokosha pfungwa gwaro - kuvimbika wacho - yakatanga formalized mune imwe bepa British - Habeas Corpus Act, iyo yakasainwa musi wa27 May 1679.

War Kuzvimiririra

Pashure pokuchinja kwezvinhu 1688 vakanga formalized nemamwe kodzero uye rusununguko. Apo Hondo Independence, vakawanda gwaro chakafanana yakasainwa muUnited States. zvose zviri zvimwe nzira akapfupikisa chokwadi kuti akanga kare. Somuenzaniso, Virginia Bill Kwekodzero. Zvisinei, munguva yehondo kodzero vimbiso havana akapa vavengi rusununguko.

Federal kudyidzana

The Bill of Rights of United States yakanga ine zvainovhiringidzawo. Saka, pasinei nokuti kuzviremera zvehurumende zvino vane simba simba, vagari munyika havana kudzivirirwa nehanya kwavo. Naizvozvo, Dzheyms Medison zvinganaka imwe Kunadzurudzwa bumbiro remitemo vamwe yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita. Bill akapinda simba mutemo chete kana Virginia, aimbova rechi11 kubva 14 kuti aivapo panguva iyo hurumende kugamuchirwa chose uye chagamuchirwa pamusoro munharaunda yayo. Pakutanga, aiitirwa sechituso mutemo kuti inodzivirira vagari kubva pamutemo zviito kuzviremera zvehurumende. Saka, rechi14 Amendment, chagamuchirwa muna 1866, equalized vatema nevachena, izvo kare aigona kanganisa kodzero. Gare gare, muna 1873, akasarudza kukanzura, tichifunga zvakanga zvisingagamuchiriki Zvisinei muna 1925 nayo Re-akapinda simba nokuti akanga akarayira chepasi inoti kusika mitemo kukurambidza kana chero nzira kanganisa pamusoro kodzero uye rusununguko US vagari.

okunatsiridza

Chinonyanya kukosha pfungwa bhiri iri kuonekwa 1st kunatsiridza, iro rinozivisa rusununguko rwokubudisa mashoko, rwokutaura, uye ungano. Zviri pamusoro rworudyi United States uye shamwari siyana vemunyika. Maererano 2nd kunatsiridza, akabvuma kuti inoti vave varwi, uye vanhu vane kodzero yokuchengeta uye kutakura zvombo kuti azvidzivirire. gakava kumativi pfungwa iyi kuitwa, nokuti wakasununguka kutengeswa vavengi vachitsvaka kudzima nayo. Amendment Chechitatu, izvo unorambidza varwi vanogara voga mudzimba munguva yorugare, nhasi kupfuura hazvishandi. The Bill of Rights, chidimbu 4th Amendment, runovimbisa inviolability mudziyo uye munhu, kureva unorambidza chero anotsvaka kubudikidza Vezvemitemo pasina zvakakodzera mvumo. Maererano 5th ndima yacho gwaro akasuma anotongwa vatongi, uye munhu anogona kumanikidzwa kuva chapupu pachake. yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita matatu tevera nechokuita zvakananga zvekufamba. 9th muvaravara kutaura kuti murege unogona kutora kodzero dzavanhu, icho kare kunakidzwa, uye rechi10, akavapindurawo, anoti kuti kodzero mamiriro, achigere hwakatamisirwa yeUnited hurumende, achagara dzisisina.

International Bill of Human Rights

dzakatevedzana ichi magwaro, mashoko raora izvo ndiko nechokwadi kodzero uye rusununguko vanhu vose panyika. Mitemo zviri magwaro aya ari chinokosha dzeUN dzakawanda zvinodiwa chokuita dzevanhu. States zvose kuti asaina International Bill of Rights, ita kuti nechokwadi vagari dzavo dzinoverengeka kodzero uye rusununguko kuti vanofanira kupiwa vose zvakaenzana pasina rusaruro.

mhedziso

zvinyorwa zvose anotaurwa kumusoro, imwe nzira kana imwe uchiumba kuitika kodzero dzevanhu. The bhiri wokutanga, vakapfuura kuEngland, chaizvoizvo kwakaratidza kutanga umambo yeparamende, izvo akabvumira kushomeka simba namambo, uye chaizvoizvo danho rokutanga munzira hweruzhinji. More echimurenga semaonero iyi maonero aiva American bhiri, iyo kare kwakagonesa vanhu havasi chete vakaenzana kodzero ari muvanhu, asi rinorambidza rusarura, asi harisati kuva wokupedzisira pfungwa munzira inoenda nenzanga yakasununguka. The vanova hweruzhinji Chokwadi, aiva dzakatevedzana magwaro vakagamuchirwa panguva United Nations, izvo zvaibva zvose kare kusikwa, asi pakanga, saka kutaura, vari dzaitaurwa chipo, izvo zvakabatsira kuti kupa vose munyika kuenzana kwekodzero norusununguko.